清初地方士人的生活空间与场境变换——以董含与三冈董氏为例

Local Gentry's Living Space and Scene Changes in Early Qing Dynasty—— Take Dong Han and San Gang Dongs as Example

董含出身于繁盛长达二百余年的松江董氏家族,在清初奏销案除籍后,即长期隐居于三冈等地,地方偏僻,处境略微荒凉,但并未阻碍他在江南的闲游活动、社会交往以及对于时政的关心。虽然董家并未受到明清王朝更替之际的政治大清洗,但自明末以来家族的长程衰落以及他这一代董氏子孙在仕宦道路上的挫败,一直没有得到挽救。然而,他们于文学创作上的才华与地方场域的活跃表现,隐居时期常与友朋们举行的诗酒之会,以及时或表现出对于地方秩序整顿怀有的关心,最终都被时代的残酷性扫荡干净了。这些都是在王朝更替后,清初地方社会存在的真实情态、士人的尴尬处境与已迹近虚幻的政治情怀,透过董氏家族极形衰落时代生活日常的若干片断及其活动场域的揭示,大都得以约略地呈现。

Dong Han was born in a patriarchal clan that thrived for more than two hundred years in the Prefecture of Songjiang. After the disqualification of his identity, he led a recluse and bleak life in San Gang and other places out of the way. However, this did not prevent him from leisure, social communication and concerns about current affairs. Although the Dong＇s family did not suffer the political purges during the period of changing dynasty, the situation cannot be saved that the family experienced a long-term decline since the end of Ming Dynasty and its descendants of this generation sustained a failure in official career. This is the common phenomenon and mental pains shared by the gentry families which were faced with the similar situation of dynasty change. Dong Han＇s generation＇ efforts were not as helpful as to the recovery of the family. To take the living circumstance as the example, San Gang was seemly a place far away from the political centre and Dong Han also impressed an image of a hermit on the current and later society. Meanwhile, Dong always expressed his personal political attitude implicitly by writing literatures and notes of unofficial history. However, performances were all removed away cruelly including talent of literature and active performances in local places, frequent alcohol-poem meetings with friends and concerns about reorganizing the local order, which was the real situation after the changes of dynasties. Gentry＇s embarrassed position and illusory political sentiments could be mostly emerged through the several slices of Dong＇s family＇s daily life and activity places in its declining age.