雨果莎评及其特色论——以《莎士比亚传》为中心

On Victor Hugo's Review on Shakespeare and Its Characteristics:A Case Study of William Shakespeare

法国著名作家雨果的研究专著《莎士比亚传》在西方莎评史上别具一格,意义非凡。他不孤立、封闭地研究莎士比亚,而是立足于比较意识与整体思维,有意识地把莎士比亚置于宏阔的文学史上已有的大家系列中加以相互观照,观照中既强调共性,又突出差异,使其以极其鲜明的特色和罕见的丰富性呈现出来,进而彰显其在文学史上无与伦比的价值和地位。他的莎评已经使用了后来被称为比较文学学科的研究方法,理应是比较文学研究的先驱之一。雨果认为莎士比亚是集诗人、历史学家和哲学家于一身的杰出天才,在戏剧创作中把对照原则发挥到了惟妙惟肖的极致。他非常看重《哈姆雷特》《麦克白》《奥瑟罗》《李尔王》等四大悲剧,并从人性与道德的角度对四部悲剧的主人公作了颇具个性的阐发。他把浪漫派对莎士比亚伟大之处的感悟和体验酣畅淋漓地表达了出来,是对莎士比亚艺术成就最真诚、最激情、最具震撼力的辩护,其研究方法对我们当下从事学术研究也颇具启迪与借鉴价值。

As a distinguished French writer,Victor-Marie Hugo had been devoting himself to the analysis of William Shakespeare,and his research monograph,William Shakespeare,remains inimitable and extraordinary in Western reviews on Shakespeare.Without isolating Shakespeare,Hugo based on comparative consciousness and holistic thinking,consciously comparing Shakespeare with other great literary masters in the long history of literature.Not only can the comparisons show us similarities being emphasized but the differences being highlighted,and then the distinct characteristics and rare abundance can present and manifest its unparalleled value and position in the history of literature.While analyzing William Shakespeare,Hugo adopted some research methods,which later were known as the methods in comparative literature academia.Therefore Hugo certainly should be one of the pioneers of comparative literature study.Hugo regarded Shakespeare as a great talent,poet,historian,and philosopher,who exerted comparative principles in drama to the picturesque fullest.He thought highly of the four tragedies,Hamlet,Macbeth,Othello,and King Lear,and gave his own comment on the tragic protagonists in human and moral angles.His sufficient expression of the reflection of Romanticism towards the greatness of Shakespeare is the most sincere,passionate,and powerful defense for Shakespeare’s artistic achievements.The research methods of Hugo will certainly help us with great inspiration and reference value in academic analysis.