专家的两难：“威斯康星理念”中的社会科学学者(1904-1914)

The Dilemma of Experts:The Social Scientists in the Wisconsin Idea (1903—1914)

"威斯康星理念"被教育史界公认为大学社会服务职能确立的标志。本文将"威斯康星理念"置于进步主义时代威斯康星州内进步派和中坚派政治斗争的语境,聚焦于康芒斯、麦卡锡和伊利等社会科学学者,指出他们在学术生涯早期因其学说中浓厚的政治色彩而遭遇一系列学术自由事件之后,如何在专家工作中处理既要参与社会改革和服务又力图避免卷入党派斗争的两难问题。由于此种两难困境,学者们不得不在"提供信息和技术"服务与实现社会改革的政治理想的边界之间小心游走,但他们的谨慎并没有使大学免于成为党派斗争的受害者。本文通过对社会科学学者面临的两难问题及其谨慎心态的分析,试图揭示"威斯康星理念"的神话光环所遮蔽的高等教育"认识论哲学"和"政治论哲学"之间永恒的冲突及其危险。

'The Wisconsin Idea' is considered as the symbol of the public service of the university by educational historians.This article sets 'the Wisconsin Idea' in the context of partisan politics during the Progressive Era in Wisconsin and focuses on University of Wisconsin social scientists including John Commons,Charles McCarthy and Richard Ely.After the above social scientists were involved with academic freedom cases,which were mainly caused by their strong advocate of social reforms and critiques of laissez-faire,they attempted to handle the dilemma of participating in social reform and service in order to realize their moral and political ideal while trying to avoid partisan politics.As a result,social scientists have to work discreetly between the border of providing technology or information services and participating in the social and political reform.But the discretion did not prevent the social scientists and the university from being the victims of partisan politics.Analysis of the Wisconsin Idea and its controversies reveals the tension between scholarship and politics which has perplexed the scholars since the emergence of modern research universities in the late 19 th century.