以汉语为第二语言的学习者习得“任何”的研究

Acquisition of the Negative Polarity ItemRenhe by Learners Learning Chinese as a Second Language

"任何"被称为否定极性词,在非否定的语境中出现需要严格的语义允准条件。"任何"的语义允准条件比any和表达虚指的疑问词更加严格,展示了句法—语义界面特征,这可能为以汉语为第二语言的学习者带来困难。本文用可接受度判断的方式对"任何"的习得情况进行考察来探讨二语习得中的界面问题,同时检验了允准语的允准能力。研究发现,学习者能习得部分否定句以及"如果"和"都"这两种允准语,但是在能愿动词、推测副词做允准语时和母语者存在显著差异。本文认为句法—语义界面、功能语类、输入都可能是造成习得困难的原因。

Renhe（任何）is called an ＂negative polarity item＂which can appear in affirmative sentences only under strict semantic licensing conditions.The licensing conditions for Renhe are much stricter than those for English any and wh-words used as existential polarity words,forming the syntax-semantics interface which could pose difficulties to learners learning Chinese as a second language.An acceptability task is used in this study to test the interface hypothesis and the licensing ability of the licensors of Renhe.The results suggest that learners have established the syntax-semantics interface relating to some negative sentences,a conditional word Ruguo（如果）and an universal quantifier Dou（都）,supporting the prediction of interface hypothesis.However,it is also found that learners have performed significantly different from native speakers on sentences with modal verbs and speculation adverbs as licensors.The article further proposes that syntax-semantics interface,functional categories or input may have caused difficulties in acquisition.