共识中的差异——中国民族区域自治演进的历史考察

The Differences in the Consensus:Historical Analysis of the Evolution of Chinese Ethnic Regional Autonomy

受制于民族构成与分布的影响,中国的民族区域自治经历了《共同纲领》确定的"各少数民族聚居的地区实行民族的区域自治",向1954年《宪法》确定的"各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治"的变革。虽然二者均强调民族因素与区域因素的结合,但前者是在否定民族文化自治的基础上提出来的,强调的是少数民族在其聚居区实施的自治,而后者则是在民族构成与分布无法满足实施"民族的区域自治"要求的背景下提出的,强调的是民族自治地方内部各民族的联合自治。现行宪法和民族区域自治法的制定,受到了"民族的区域自治"和"各民族的联合自治"的双重影响。为有效坚持和完善民族区域自治制度,应以2014年中央民族工作会议提出的"民族区域自治不是某个民族独享的自治,民族自治地方更不是某个民族独有的地方"的论断为基础,以民族区域自治法确定的协商民主决策机制为核心,构建实现民族因素和区域因素有机结合的具体制度。

China’s regional ethnic autonomy has been through a reform developing from the ＂Areas where inhabited by ethnic groups carry out regional ethnic autonomy＂ in 〈 Common program 〉 to ＂ Places inhabited by ethnic minorities practise regional autonomy＂ which determined by the 〈Constitution〉 in 1954 just because of the limitation of ethnic composition and distribution. Although both these two policies emphasize the combination of both ethnic and regional factors,but the former was been proposed based on the negation of the ethnic cultural autonomy,it emphasizes the implementation of minorities’ autonomy in their own ghettos while the latter was put forward on the condition that ethnic composition and distribution can not conform to the implementation of ＂ Regional National Autonomy ＂ and the emphasis is the joint autonomy within the nation. Those two policies both affected the formulation of the current constitution and the law on the regional ethnic autonomy. To uphold and improve the system of regional ethnic autonomy effectively,on the basis of the claim that ＂Regional ethnic autonomy is not exclusive to some specific nations,not even mention to the regions where share the ethnic autonomy don’t belong to some specific nations＂. It is the diagnosis that is put forward on the Central Ethnic Work Conference in 2014,therefore,it is necessary to treat the democratic decision-making mechanism determined in the law on regional national autonomy as the core and construct a concrete system to achieve the combination of ethnic factors and regional factors.