常见拷贝数变异与疾病的关联研究

Association of common copy number variations with diseases

基因组多态性主要包括单核苷酸变异（single nucleotide variation，SNV）、易位、插入以及拷贝数变异（copy number variation，CNV）等形式，其中CNV是结构变异的一种形式。人们按照CNV在人群中的发生频率将其分为常见CNV和罕见CNV。常见CNV已经逐渐成为疾病关联研究新的遗传标记。多项研究已经证明CNV与疾病的发生风险密切相关，例如神经发育类疾病、病毒感染疾病、慢性炎症性疾病和肿瘤等。随着高分辨率基因组分型芯片技术和全基因组测序技术的发展，人类基因组的CNV图谱逐渐被完善和细化。对于CNV的深入研究不仅有助于对人类基因组结构变异和遗传进化的进一步理解，还将使人们对个体间的遗传差异以及影响疾病的遗传因素产生新的认识。同时科技的进步也促使了CNV研究方法的多样化以及CNV相关疾病研究种类的多样化。本文就CNV的特点、作用机制、检测方法以及常见CNV与人类疾病发生的关联研究进行综述。

Genomic polymorphisms come in various forms including single nucleotide variations, translocations, insertions and copy number variations （CNVs）. As a form of structural variation, the CNVs comprise common and rare forms based on their populational frequencies. Studies have demonstrated that certain CNVs are associated with risks for neuro-developmental diseases, viral infections, chronic inflammations, and cancers. With the development of high-resolution genome typing technologies such as microarrays and whole genome sequencing, the human genomic CNVs map has been continuously improved and refined. In-depth study of CNVs not only can provide comprehensive understanding for their structural variations and genetic evolution, but also provide new insights into genetic factors contributing to such diseases. In this paper, the general characteristics, pathogenesis and detection methods for the CNVs, as well as their association with human diseases are reviewed.