清代甘肃因兵蠲恤——以统一新疆为例的初步考察

Exemption and Compensation for Reason of Battle in Gansu Province in Qing Dynasty——Preliminary Study on the Unification of Xinjiang

自清廷经略西北建立统治以降,甘肃就兵兴不休,统一新疆的战争更是历经康雍乾三朝,前后长达68年。为发挥甘肃兵民力量,取得战争的最后胜利,清廷对甘肃屡屡实行蠲恤,不仅时间长、范围广,而且次数多、力度大。这些蠲恤措施激励着甘肃军民冲锋陷阵,英勇杀敌,从而为中央王朝统一新疆提供了强有力的军事保证,同时大大减轻了甘肃百姓的赋税支出和积欠负担,减少了兵兴给民众带来的阵痛,民力因此得以纾缓,甘肃的社会经济得以在曲折中向前发展。但是,蠲恤并不能从根本上解决兵兴不休产生的社会矛盾,所以清代甘肃在总体上处于动荡不稳、积贫积弱、举步维艰的落后状态,发展缓慢。

Since the administration of the Northwest of China by the Qing Government, there had been endless battles in Gansu and the war to unify Xinjiang had lasted for 65 years after Kangxi Yongzheng and Qianlong Reigns. To give full play to the force of the civilians and the soldiers and to obtain final victory of the war, the Qing government repeatedly implemented policies of exemption and compensation in Gansu. The civilians and the soldiers of Gansu were inspired to launch forceful military strikes and bravely fight against the enemy because of these exemption and compensation measures, which provided a strong military assurance for the Central Government to unify Xinjiang, and these exemption and compensation measures greatly reduce tax expenditures of people and arrears of burden in the Gansu province, alleviating people＇s pains. Therefore, the force of the people was taken care of and social economy of Gansu moved forward in the twists and turns. However, exemption and compensation could not fundamentally solve social conflicts because of the endless battles, and unrests and poverty in general prevailed in Gansu Province in Qing Dynasty.