中国乡村调解的权威嬗变及其思考——以马克斯·韦伯权威类型理论为分析工具

Reflection on the Transmutation of Rural Mediation Authority in China Based on Max Weber's Typological Division on the Authority

制度化建设以权威形态的建构为前提。梳理中国乡村调解权威的嬗变轨迹,是把握中国基层调解发展脉络,思考其制度完善问题的重要楔入口。就此而言,韦伯关于传统型权威、克里斯玛型权威、法理型权威的经典区分,成为探讨调解权威嬗变问题重要的理论参考与分析工具。通过理论借鉴与现实反思可以发现,当代中国乡村调解权威贫瘠而匮乏:传统型权威整体式微,克里斯玛型权威难以为继,新兴的法理型权威的生长举步维艰。要走出调解权威的现实困境,提升基层调解的威信力,就要引导传统型权威、克里斯玛型权威的法治化转型。而就当前中国基层司法现状而言,引导二者转型的重点,不在于调解制度内部的修订与完善,而在于外部法治建设的支持与保障。

The institutionalization is based on the premise of the construction of authority patterns. Combing transmutation orbit of Rural Mediation Authority in China is the crux of grasping the development course of grass-roots mediation and addressing the problem of its perfection. For that matter,Max Weber divided the authority into three types： traditional authority,Charismatic authority,legal authority,the distinction of which is a valid theoretical reference and analytic tool. Through the theoretical reference and practical reflection,it shows that the authority of rural mediation in China is arid and scanty：traditional authority wanes on the whole,Charismatic authority is unsustainable,the emerging legal authority is stuck in mud. It must convert traditional authority and Charismatic authority into legalization. However,the focus of its transformation is not to revise and improve mediation system as such,but to perfect the legal structure from the outside.