项目落地中“钉子户”治理机制的变迁

Changes in the Project Landing to Nail Households Governance Mechanism

项目进村中的"最后一公里"主要是指"钉子户"治理困境。综合全国多地调查经验,从实践中提炼出行政治理和社会治理两种"钉子户"治理机制。前者通过行政动员治理"钉子户",形成了一套县乡村、包工头、"钉子户"之间的分利秩序,导致乡村去政治化、农民无参与主体性、基层治理合法性危机的社会后果。而后者则是通过社会动员治理"钉子户",形成了村(组)与村民之间的利益再分配秩序,激活了乡村政治和农民参与主体性,但在分配型民主逻辑下可能导致多数人暴政。在国家无法与9亿小农建立直控式治理的前提下,需要具有一定自主政治空间的乡村社会,成为国家与农民个体之间的利益整合和再分配的中间结构。因此,在由行政治理向社会治理机制转变的同时,还应当恢复村社集体的土地调整权作为配套制度,以实现基层治理现代化。

＂The last kilometer＂ refers to the governance dilemma in the process of village project. Based on experiences get from a national survey, we find that there are two nail household governance mechanisms the administrative governance and social governance. The former removes nail households through administrative mobilization, and forms an order of interest division among the county village, contractors and nail householders, which leads to some social consequences, like rural politics, farmers lack of subjectivity, crisis of legitimacy of grassroots governance. While the latter manage nail householders through social mobilization which formed the interests redistribution order between the village （group） and villagers, activating the rural political and farmers participation in subjectivity, but it could lead to the majority tyranny under the logical distribution of democracy. Under the premise of that the country couldn＇t establish direct control governance with 900 million small farmers; it needs to have a certain independent political space of rural society to become the middle structure of interest integration and redistribution. Therefore, while from the administration to social governance, it should also restore the rural collective land cumulative as supporting system, in order to realize the modernization of grassroots governance.