“士”之“悲悯”:近代中国自由知识分子的“邦国痛”与“个体惑”

The “Pity” of “the Intelligentsia”: the “Nation Suffering” and“the Individual Confusion” of the Liberal Intellectuals in Modern China

"悲悯"情怀下的启蒙心态驱使自由知识分子将关注个体痛苦作为其讨论近代中国问题的切入点并提出相应政治目标。在"痛苦"陈述充斥的语境中,这也使其"自由"主义的诉求一"出场",就将个体自主选择人生并达致相应道德成就与实现"自由"相关联,并试图建立个体道德责任选择与实现国群的集体自由及其富强之间的制度通道。他们居高临下地呈现个体"痛感"并指斥大众"麻木"。但是,他们悖逆了将道德责任论证纳入"自由""言说"的初衷,即个体自主地塑造一种注重平等关系的"强势人格",才是创设自由生活的基础和实际依据,才是它之"说理"的真实意义或力量。他们也未审视启蒙对象和自身是否具备自由主义品质所需的"强势人格"。此深刻道德困境加速使诸多自由知识分子最终滑向形色不等的"集体主义"。游荡"圣王"魂的"好人政治"亦成了其政治实践"品质"。"自由"的此种内在现代性困境——在后发国家表现尤为突出,非"水土不合"、"救亡压倒启蒙"论可概括。

The 'pity' feelings of the liberal intellectuals with the strong enlightenment mentality prompt them looked for the entry point that they discuss the modern China issues focusing on the individual suffering and propose appropriate political objectives. The language circumstance glutted the 'suffering' narrative made the liberalism from its beginning in the modern china attempted to establish the connection between the liberty and the appropriate moral achievement with the individual choose life by themselves, and attempted to establish the system channel between the selection of the individual moral responsibility and the collective liberty of the nation as well as the country prosperity. They presented condescendingly the suffering sense and denounce the public 'numbness'. However, they seemed to forget the original intention that they introduced the moral responsibility argumentation into the 'liberty' 'speech', which means the individual shaping the 'strong personality' of stressing an equal relationship, is the real basis for the creation of the liberty life and the real force as well as its true meaning of its argument. They also did not inspect themselves and the people needing to be enlightened whether own the liberalism necessary quality of 'strong personality'.The profound moral dilemma accelerated many liberal intellectuals finally sliding into all kinds of 'collectivism'. The 'good people politics' with the 'sage' soul was the political practice 'quality' of the liberalism in the modern china. The intrinsic modernity dilemma of the liberty that performed very prominent in the developing country can't be generalized by the conclusion of the liberty unfitting for the China or the salvation overwhelming the Enlightenment.