多代流动效应：来自中国的证据

The Multigenerational Effects in Social Mobility:Evidence from China

多代流动是社会流动中的重要议题。本文利用中国劳动力调查2012年数据,检验了不同世代社会流动的多代效应模式。研究发现,1980年以前出生的世代累积性的优势或劣势主要表现在两代之间,多代的效应并不明显;但随着市场经济的确立,累积性不平等的效应从两代之间扩展到三代之间,即在控制了父代的阶层地位后,祖代—孙代的影响效应仍显著存在,祖代职业阶层越高,孙代进入高职业阶层的可能性越大。此外,研究发现教育是个体实现向上流动的重要变量,但教育获得本身受家庭背景的影响。文章从实证和理论两方面的论述有助于加深对中国社会流动与代际不平等的理解。

Multigenerational effects between grandparents and grandchildren is a much debated topic in social mobility literature. Data from the China Labor Force Dynamic Survey （2012） is analyzed in this study to track social mobility across three generations in Chinese families. The study finds that association in socio-economic status between grandparents and grandchildren is insignificant for children born before 1980. This age cohort＇s parents and grandparents experienced the Chinese socialist revolution that completely shifted the social class structure and disrupted the generational cumulative family advantage and disadvantage. Individuals born after 1980 have grandparents who lived through the socialist period but had more opportunities and mobility brought by the market reform. However, the fundamental social stratification order did not change, and thus the cumulative advantage or disadvantage extended from adjacent generation to multi-generation. The study also finds that individuals can achieve social mobility through education, however, family background influences grandchildren＇s education attainment. For the most recent two age cohorts, children＇s education is closed correlated not only to their parents but grandparents＇ socioeconomic status, indicating multigenerational effects in social mobility. This study shows that the multigenerational approach is better situated to examine social mobility in China than the two generation approach.