穿山甲的贸易与保护

Trade and Conservation of Pangolin

全球现存8种穿山甲,4种分布在亚洲,4种分布在非洲,主要分布在亚洲东部、东南部、印度次大陆和非洲撒哈拉以南地区,目前尚没有相关研究反映其全球野生种群的数量及密度。我国有中华穿山甲、印度穿山甲和马来穿山甲3种,主要分布在长江以南各省,1996~2000年的调查显示我国共有约64 000只,种群下降趋势严重,灭绝风险较大。栖息地丧失和破碎化、盗猎以及非法贸易是其主要威胁。所有8种穿山甲都被列入世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）濒危物种红色名录和《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）附录Ⅱ物种,亚洲4种穿山甲野外获得标本的商业性年度出口限额为零。由于近年来快速增长的盗猎和非法贸易,作为世界上最受非法交易影响的哺乳动物,穿山甲的保护日益受到国际社会的关注。建议加强穿山甲生态学、种群数量调查和监测方法与人工繁殖研究;加大栖息地保护力度,提高当地居民生计;强化执法和国际合作,打击非法贸易;加强贸易管理和开展公众教育,促进穿山甲野外种群的恢复。

There are eight species of pangolin：four in Asia and four in Africa.Pangolins are found throughout much of southeastern and eastern Asia and the Indian sub-continent,and across sub- Saharan Africa.No surveys or studies have estimated the number and density of wild populations.There are three speciesof pangolins,viz.Manis pentadactyla,Manis crassicaudata.Maris javanica,in China.A survey conducted by Chinese government in 1996-2000 showed that the total population was around 64 000 pangolins.Numbers of wild pangolins are declining continuously,and the species is struggling on the brink of extinction in China.Three major factors threaten the survival of pangolins,viz.habitat loss and fragmentation,poaching,and illegal trade.All eight pangolin species are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,and all eight are protected from international trade by listing in Appendix II of CITES.There were zero export quotas for wild-caught Asian pangolins in trade for commercial purposes in the year 2000 under CITES.As the most heavily trafficked mammal in the world,owing to rapidly growing of poaching and illegal trade,the conservation of pangolin is increasingly a concern of the international community.Thus,we suggest to：1） strengthen studies of ecology,surveys and monitoring techniques for wild and captive pangolins;2）strengthen protection of existing habitats and prevent further habitat fragmentation,and improve the livelihood of local people;3）strengthen enforcement of regulations and international cooperation to combat illegal trade;and 4）strengthen trade management and development of public awareness,thereby promoting the restoration of pangolin populations in the wild.