一·二八事变后日本对在沪“第三国侨民”的赔偿

Japanese Reparations to Third-Party Nationals in Shanghai after the January 28 Incident

一·二八事变后,在沪"第三国侨民"因战争损失向日本政府提出索赔。面对来自十七国侨民及政府的压力,日本政府一边极力推诿责任,一边又不得不面对现实。在赔偿过程中,日本政府通过严苛的审核标准驳回大部分索赔要求,同时将"赔偿"改为"救恤",以掩盖其战争责任。日本外交机构也在军部的压力下篡改了公文中暗含日军掠夺行径的条款,以否认战争罪行。整个赔偿工作涉及与各相关国家的外交交涉,其中以日美交涉最为典型和曲折。日本政府虽希冀通过赔偿问题缓和国际舆论压力,但其一再减少赔偿金额的行为则引起英美等国的质疑和愤懑。日本政府就在沪"第三国侨民"赔偿问题的外交交涉,折射出20世纪30年代初错综变幻的国际关系。

After the January 28 Incident,third-party nationals in Shanghai claimed reparations for war damage from the Japanese government.In the face of the pressure from governments and expatriates from seventeen countries,the Japanese government tried hard to transfer responsibility elsewhere but at the same time had to face up to the facts.During the reparation process,it knocked back most claims through strict checks on criteria and substituted the term 'relief'for'reparations'to conceal its responsibility for the war.What is more,under the pressure from Army headquarters,the Japanese Foreign Ministry tampered with wording in their official documents that implied that Japanese soldiers had been looting,so as to be able to deny Japanese war crimes.The whole affair involved diplomatic negotiations with the countries concerned,with negotiations between Japan and the U.S.being the most representative and the most complex.Although the Japanese government had expected to lessen international pressure,its repeated reduction of the amount of reparations led to indignant questioning from Britain,the U.S.and other countries.Underlying the Japanese payment of reparations to third-party nationals after the January 28 Incident are the intricate international relations revolving around Japan in the early1930 s.