从手艺人到天才：文艺复兴时期艺术家的身份与形象建构

From Craftsman to Genius:Construction of the Identity and Image of the Artist during the Renaissance

意大利文艺复兴时期既是西方艺术发展的一个黄金时代,亦是西方艺术观念史上的一个分水岭。伴随着绘画、雕塑和建筑艺术令人瞩目的发展,这三门艺术从此上升为"自由艺术",艺术家也被塑造为文化精英。文艺复兴时期的人文主义者首先肯定了艺术家的价值并建构了截然不同于手艺人的艺术家形象。15世纪晚期,对艺术家的新认识逐渐与新柏拉图主义哲学家费奇诺的天才观合流。随着费奇诺天才观的传播,"天才谱系"从圣徒、哲学家和诗人扩展到艺术家,丢勒、米开朗基罗和瓦萨里以不同方式传播并促进了天才艺术家形象的建构和发展。文艺复兴时期艺术家从手艺人到天才的形象建构成为浪漫主义时代滥觞的天才艺术家形象塑造的先声。

The Italian Renaissance is not only agolden age in the development of Western art but also a watershed in the history of Western ideas about art.Alongside the striking development of painting,sculpture and architecture was the elevation of the three art forms into the 'liberal arts,'and the shaping of their practitioners into a cultural elite.Renaissance humanists were the first to recognize and affirm the value of the artist and constructed an image of the artist which was utterly different from that of the craftsman.This new consciousness of the importance of the artist coincided with the distinctive idea of the genius proposed by the Neo-Platonist Marsilio Ficino in the late 15 th century.With the spread of Ficino's idea of genius,the lineage of genius was extended from saints,philosophers and poets to artists.Dürer,Michelangelo and Vasari contributed to the construction and development of the image of the genius-artist in different ways.The Renaissance shift in the artist's identity and image,from craftsman to genius,heralded the construction of the image of the genius-artist in the age of Romanticism.