“Idealismus不是幻想,而是真理”——马克思“博士论文”解读

"Idealismus is not a Fantasy,but the Truth" :An Interpretation of Karl Marx's Doctoral Dissertation

"博士论文"是马克思登上德国思想论坛的"亮相之作"。奠基于扎实的学术训练和哲学史梳理,马克思质疑和推翻了以往原子论研究中贬抑伊壁鸠鲁贡献的流行见解,"用显微镜去发现"和辨析了他与作为其思想先驱的德谟克利特在思维方式上的重大差异,借此表明伊壁鸠鲁代表的自我意识哲学"不是幻想,而是真理",因为这种思维方式凸显了人的自我意识,在对客体的认识、解释甚至改变中来发挥了作为主体的意志、功能、力量和特质。"幻想"、"真理"云云,不是认识论层面的,而是价值论和人性论意义上的;举凡在观照和理解世界的诸多思维方式中,只有Idealismus在与物的对立和纠结中把人的价值和意义彰显出来了。

Karl Marx＇s Doctoral Dissertation ＂The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature＂was the representative work of his entering the German intellectual circles.Laying a solid foundation of academic training and scrutinizing the history of Western philosophy,Marx queries and refutes the popular view of despising Epicurus＇ s contribution in previous atomic theory（atomism） research,while discovers and discriminates the significant difference between himself and his thought precursor,Democritus,in the aspect of the way of thinking ＂as it were only with a microscope＂,in order to indicate that the philosophy of self-consciousness represented by Epicurus ＂is not a fantasy,but the Truth,for the reason that this way of thinking highlights human self-consciousness and plays a role in the cognition,explanation and even transformation of object as the will,function,power and peculiarity of subject.The ＂fantasy＂,＂Truth＂,etc.are not at the epistemological level,but in the sense of axiology and the theory of human nature.Only the opposition and contradiction between idealismus and object can manifest human value and significance in all ways of thinking of observing and comprehending the world.