晋东南地区五代宋元时期补间铺作挑斡形制分期及流变初探

The Evolution of Tiaowo in Southeast Shanxi during Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Period

本文运用木构建筑形制年代学研究方法,对晋东南地区五代宋元时期也就是公元10至14世纪木构建筑遗存进行梳理,从中选取40余处标尺案例,对其补间铺作挑斡形制进行木构建筑形制类型学研究。通过形制排比,将此时段内晋东南地区补间铺作挑斡形制演变分为三期:第一期为五代时期至北宋末期(10世纪初-12世纪初),第二期为北宋末至金大定前期(12世纪初-1170年前后),第三期为金大定后期至元末(1170年-14世纪中叶)。以此分期为基础,结合中原北方其他地区北宋至元代的典型木构建筑实例,对地区间补间铺作挑斡形制的流变关系进行初步探讨。在实例分析的基础上,本文着重关注挑斡形制在《营造法式》影响下的普及,金后期至元代挑斡的位置上移,以及"不出昂而用挑斡"等现象。

The authors use typological methods to subdivide remains of wood-constructed architecture dated to the Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan period（10th–14th centuries） in southeast Shanxi province. More than forty buildings are chosen as research models for studying the evolution of tiaowo [挑斡] system. Based on a comparison between these models, the authors outline three evolution stages： Five Dynasties to late Northern Song（early 10th–early 12 th centuries）, late Northern Song to early Dading reign in Jin dynasty（early 12 th century–c. 1170） and late Dading reign to late Yuan（1170–mid 14 th century）. Relations with and differences from tiaowo systems in other regions in north China of the same period are discussed as well. Special importance is given to the influences of Ying Zao Fa Shi [营造法式] on the spread of tiaowo, the changing positions of tiaowo from late Jin to Yuan and the phenomenon of having a tiaowo without ang [昂].