南北朝晚期大型墓葬出土胡人驱傩画像砖和俑研究

Pictorial Bricks and Pottery Figurines Showing Exorcising Foreign Tribesmen Unearthed from Late Southern and Northern Dynasties Large-Scale Tombs

在汉水中上游地区南朝系大型砖室墓及河北、山西出土的东魏、北齐大型砖砌单室壁画墓的墓室中,出土一种戴尖角帽的胡人画像砖或俑。现有证据表明此类文物在墓室中的含义,与古时方相氏于大丧时开路驱邪镇墓的作用有关。据南朝梁宗懔《荆楚岁时记》中腊日村人戴胡头逐疫的记载,可知用胡人代替方相氏为南朝荆楚风俗。在1957年出土的河南邓县学庄南朝系画像砖墓中,胡人画像砖与墓室仪仗画像砖、仪仗俑,共同构成一个墓葬卤簿体系。此类墓葬卤簿体系形成于以襄阳为中心的汉水中上游地区南朝系墓葬中。已公布的材料中,以邓县学庄画像砖墓的卤簿体系较典型,它对东魏、北齐大型砖砌单室壁画墓中墓道仪仗壁画与墓室仪仗俑共同组成的卤簿体系,产生了影响。襄阳之所以产生此类墓葬卤簿体系并向北朝传播,可能与其在南朝特别是萧梁时期成为一大政治文化中心有关。

Pictorials bricks and figurines featuring foreign tribesman in pointed hats have been unearthed from large-scale Southern Dynasties tombs along the upper reaches of the Han river or from Eastern Wei or Northern Qi large-scale brick tombs with single chamber and mural paintings unearthed in Hebei and Shanxi provinces. Existing evidence shows that such images are associated with the rituals of exorcism, usually performed by Fangxiang. According to Records about Seasonal Customs in the Chu Region（荆楚岁时记, Liang Zonglin, Southern Dynasties）, at the end of a year, countrymen would wear masks of a foreign tribesman to guard against evil spirits, as part of local customs in Chu. Foreign tribesmen depicted in pictorial bricks and the guard of honour shown in other bricks and on figurines, all unearthed in 1957 from a Southern Dynasties brick tomb at Xuezhuang, Henan province, constitute a burial ceremonial system known as lubu, which is common to Southern Dynasties tombs along the upper reaches of the Han river with Xiangyang as the centre. The influences of typical lubu system, as represented by Xuezhuang pictorial bricks, can be seen in mural paintings and figurines showing guard of honour in large-scale brick single-chambered tombs dated to the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi. The fact that Xiangyang was the political and cultural centre during the Liang dynasty possibly made it the place of origin of the above mentioned lubu system, which later spread to the north.