论美国水权制度及其与公共信托制度的区别与冲突

On the Difference and Confliction of the Water Rights System and the Public Trust Doctrine of the United Sates

美国的水权制度包括河岸权制度、先占权制度以及许可权制度。公共信托制度主要适用于水资源领域,因此,水权制度与公共信托制度之间既存在紧密的联系,也有较为重大的区别。如果充分适用各自的范围,则两者之间会出现难以避免的冲突。我国水权是指经过主管机关审批许可而取得的特许使用之权。从公共信托理论的角度,我国应对水资源的特许使用之权进行合理的规范和控制。

The water rights system of the United States include the riparian rights system,preemption system and approval system. The public trust doctrine is mainly suitable for water resources. There are not only close links,but also a significant difference between the water rights system and the public trust doctrine. If applied to the full extent of their scope,would occupy the field of allocation of stream waters to the exclusion of any competing system of legal thought. The water right of our country is the right of the concession which is obtained through the examination and approval of the competent authorith. According to the public trust doctrine,it is necessary to carry on the reasonable standard and the control for the right to use water resources in our country.