道德的内涵重构与伦理学的融贯主义式运用——甘绍平《伦理学的当代建构》评述及思考

Reconstruction of Connotation of Morality and the Application of Ethical Theories with the Method of Coherentism: Comment and Thinking about Gan Shaoping's Modern Construction of Ethics

甘绍平教授最近撰著的《伦理学的当代建构》是一部探究伦理学基础理论的上乘之作。该书把理论探讨与现实扎根紧密结合,创新了伦理学的整个理论体系。该书具有如下优点:一是把道德界定为包含特殊道德与普遍道德两个层面的人际行为规范,这是基于人性论而得出的关于道德概念的新内涵;二是认为道德规范起源于对所有的人共通利益的维护,这使道德规范既扎根现实又超越现实;三是提出了权利是道德的基础的观点,这彰显了权利(人权)的道德属性;四是论证了优先选择道德义务而后选择现实功利这种伦理学从理论到实践的运用方法,这是道德理论的融贯主义式创造性运用。当然,该书对于融贯主义权衡模式中个体价值到底如何界定,又如何从个体价值过渡到功利主义等问题还须进一步详实界定。

Modern Construction of Ethics recently written by Professor Gan Shaoping is a first-class work, which makes a systematic study on basic theories of ethics. The author brings forth new ideas on the whole theoretical system of ethics through the close combination of theoretical discussion and actual application. The advantages of the book are as follows： 1, morality is defined as interpersonal behavior norms containing two aspects： special morality and universal morality. The new connotation of morality is based on the theory of human nature; 2, the code of ethics is originated from the maintenance of common interests of all people. Therefore, not only does the code of ethics take root in reality, but also it surpasses the reality; 3, the standpoint that rights are the foundation of morality manifests the moral attribute of rights（human rights）; 4, an argumentation is given to the application methods of ethical theories in which moral obligation must be given priority and then practical utility should be considered. The use of ethical theories with the method of coherentism is full of creativity. However, in the book, there are still some unsolved problems, such as how to define individual value in the weighing pattern of coherentism, how to perform the transition from deontology to utilitarianism, and etc.