论公共信托理论与水权制度的冲突平衡——从莫诺湖案考察

On the Conflict and Balance between Public Trust Doctrine and Water Rights System——Investigation Based on the Case of Mono Lake

公共信托理论和水权制度,相互独立地形成了各自复杂的原则和规则。如果毫无限制地适用它们的范围,两者之间会发生难以避免的冲突。莫诺湖案中,平衡两者之间的司法智慧,体现了戒律的谨慎,即在水资源的规划和分配中,法律应更多地回应多样性的利益和需求。运用公共信托理论保护人类共有的水资源是美国水资源法律保护中最具特色且极为成功的制度。基于实现经济、生态和社会可持续发展的现实需求,我国可以借鉴公共信托理论甚至实现其本土化:与大陆法系的公物理论相较,公共信托具有理论上的优势;我国法律设定水资源国家所有即全民所有的双重结构,为公共信托本土化提供了宪法和法律上的基础;《信托法》的发布与实施标志着信托制度在我国落地生根,也为公共信托的本土化提供了可资借鉴的经验。

Public trust doctrine and water rights system in the United Sates developed independently.Each developed comprehensive rules and principles,which,if applied to the full extent of their scope,would occupy the field of allocation of stream waters to the exclusion of any competing system of legal thought.Both the public trust doctrine and the water rights system embody important precepts which make the law more responsive to the diverse needs and interests involved in the planning and allocation of water resources.The most characteristic and extremely successful legal system of water resources in United States is to protect water resources common to all by using public trust doctrine.Based on the demand of sustainable development of the economy,ecology and society,China can learn from and localize the public trust doctrine.Compared with the public property theory of civil law system,the public trust doctrine has theoretical advantages.Chinese law sets up the dual structure of State and the whole people ownership of water resources,which provides the foundation of for the localization of the public trust in terms of the Constitution and the law.The issue and implementation of Trust Law signifies that trust system has taken roots in China,which serves as a reference for the localization of public trust.