马克思历史认识模式的复杂性及实践解读

The Complexity of Marx's Cognitive Model of History and Its Practical Interpretation

在马克思历史认识模式中,资本主义与社会主义关系的普遍和特殊是联结在一起的,但是由于时代和相关理论表述的局限性,特别是马克思晚年为俄国农村公社和整个俄国缩短向社会主义发展历程所设定的"历史环境"没有出现,这就给后人留下了把"普遍"和"特殊"分离开来进而对立起来的"空间"。由于种种原因,1905年以后,在普列汉诺夫和列宁那里,资本主义与社会主义关系的普遍和特殊开始变为两种独立的认识范式。虽然列宁在反外国武装干涉和国内战争结束后不久就意识到了这方面问题的严重性,故把"普遍"和"特殊"统一起来的趋向在他当时的相关思想中以不太稳定的形式显示出来,但他过早的去世又中断了这种趋向。斯大林社会主义模式把资本主义与社会主义关系的普遍和特殊彻底割裂开来,这对落后国家社会主义理论和实践产生了一定的影响。自改革开放以来形成和发展起来的中国特色社会主义,在把资本主义与社会主义关系的普遍和特殊有机结合起来、超越马克思历史认识模式所产生悖论的方面,提供了一条可供选择的现实性路径。

In Marx's cognitive model of history,the universality and particularity of the relationship between capitalism and socialism are linked.Due to the limitations of his time and related theoretical expression,especially the'historical environment'in which the later Marx set for the Russian rural commune and all of Russia and the shortening the process of their transition to socialism did not appear.This left later generations with a'space'which saw universality and particularity separated and placed in opposition.For many reasons,after 1905,in the thinking of Plekhanov and Lenin,the universality and particularity of the relationship between capitalism and socialism became two independent paradigms.Although Lenin realized the gravity of his error after countering armed foreign intervention and civil war,the tendency to unite the universal and the particular appears in his thinking in a rather unstable form.His early death interrupted this trend.Stalin's socialist model thoroughly separated the universality and particularity of the relationship between capitalism and socialism,and this influenced socialist theory and practice in backward countries.Socialism with Chinese characteristics that took shape after reform and opening up provides an alternative path of practice that combines the universality and particularity of the relationship between capitalism and socialism and transcends the paradox in Marx's cognitive historical model.