金朝前期的“南北选”问题——兼论金代汉地统治方略及北族政治文化之赓衍

On the “Selection of Talents in North and South China” in the Early Jin Dynasty——With a Discussion of the Dynasty's Ruling Strategy for Han Territories and the Development of the Political Culture of the Northern Ethnic Groups under the Jin

金朝前期的"南北选"制度创立于熙宗朝,南、北两选之间一直以黄河旧道为别,与宋、辽籍贯之分毫不相关;传统定义所据的《金史·选举志》相关内容实系误记,并不足取。在二元政治生态中,辽朝及金初长期奉行"以河为界"的北族本位疆域观,至金熙宗朝高度汉化改制之后,则转型为一种近似黄河南、北分治的汉地统治方略,涵盖金代民族、政治、经济等诸领域政策,而"南北选"即重要面相之一。内外分化的差别性统治引发黄河南、北汉地民众在国家认同上出现相应分歧,并深刻影响金源一朝的政治地理格局。金朝前期的"南北选"问题,实从一个侧面指引出北族政治元素在整个辽金时代的宏远赓衍轨迹。

The system of'selection of talents in North and South China'in the early Jin(金)dynasty was established in Emperor Xizong's reign.The division into North and South was made on the basis of the former watercourse of the Yellow River and was unrelated to the division by native place of the Song and the Liao.Related content in the'Treatise on Selection'in the Jin Dynastic History,which formed the basis of the traditional definition,is actually wrong and should not be relied on.In their dual political environment,both the Liao and the early Jin embraced a northern tribes-centered view of the border that took the then course of the Yellow River as the dividing line,but after the thorough sinicization and institutional reforms of Emperor Xizong's reign,this was replaced by a north-south separation that broadly followed the Yellow River,with a strategy for governing the Han territories through Jin policies on ethnicity,politics,the economy,etc.The 'selection of talents in North and South China'is just one important example of this.The differential treatment of insiders and outsiders brought on a corresponding split in the Han territories in terms of national identification,and had a deep influence on the dynasty's geopolitical situation.The question of'selection of talents in North and South China'under the early Jin in fact reveals a facet of the long developmental journey of the northern ethnic groups as a political factor across the whole of the Liao and Jin period.