卢卡奇《小说理论》中的乌托邦展望

The Utopia Outlook in The Novel Theory

小说作为一种现代艺术形式,是在疏离的世界中寻找意义,回归总体性的积极尝试。因为在现代世界中,"理想"与"现实"、"个人"与"时间"的脱节是对乌托邦幻灭的真实写照。而在卢卡奇那里,乌托邦具有双重维度,一方面体现了人之为人的超越维度,另一方面也无情揭露了这一目标是人所无可到达的存在状态。这一超越本身就蕴含着理想与现实、未来与现存的巨大反差。在《小说理论》的最后,卢卡奇试图突破时间的界限,在陀思妥耶夫斯基那里寻找一种乌托邦世界的可能性,以此表达一种回归总体性的渴望。

As a form of modern art,the novel is a positive attempt to pursue meanings in the world of alienation and to return to totality,because in the modern world,the disconnection between ＂ideals＂and ＂reality＂as well as between ＂individuals＂and ＂time＂is a true portrayal of the utopian disillusion. In the view of Lukacs,Utopia has double dimensions,which on one hand reflects the transcendence of human beings and on the other hand ruthlessly reveals that the goal is the state of existence beyond the reach of human beings. This transcendence is in itself an enormous contrast between ideals and reality as well as between the future and the present. At the end of The Novel Theory,Lukacs tries to break through the boundaries of time and look for the possibility of a utopian world in Dostoyevsky as an expression of a desire to return to totality.