美国贸易政策的逻辑

A Study on the Making of U.S. Trade Policy

美国贸易政策的制定兼容经济治略和政治博弈,其内在逻辑非常复杂。国会与总统在贸易政策发言权上的对立由来已久,贸易政策的制定也始于白宫与国会间的政治博弈。受贸易保护内在利益的驱动,美国贸易政策最艰难的谈判是国内利益攸关者之间的博弈,这使得商界得以直接参与决策过程。美国贸易政策看似是由政府出台的制度和法规,实际上却是政府与商界等利益攸关者进行谈判之后的终端产品。在国际层面,贸易政策为美国外交政策的重要组成部分。美国在全球贸易体系中的霸权体现就是主导规则的制定。

The making of American trade policy embraces both economic statecraft and political game. Its internal logic is very complicated. The Congress and the President have long been fighting over the authority of making trade policy,and as the result,trade policy making begins with political negotiations between the two sections. Because of motivations from endogenous trade protection,the toughest negotiations in establishing trade policies have always taken place among different stakeholders inside the United States and business interests thus are involved directly in the process. Though trade policies appear to be government regulations or legislations,they are actually the end products made by stakeholders of both government and business sectors. At the international level,the U. S. takes trade policy as an important part of its foreign policy. American hegemony in the global trading system is reflected in its dominance in setting norms for the system.