心理学视野下的退休机制研究

A Psychological Perspective on Dynamics of Retirement

退休是成年后期生活中的主要生命历程转折之一。以往的退休研究主要关注退休者的社会人口学特征及其健康和经济状况对退休行为的影响,然而,越来越多的研究表明,个体退休后所面临的健康和经济问题与退休的内在心理机制有着直接的联系,退休因而成为心理学重要的研究领域。从心理学视野看,退休是始于个体实际退出劳动力市场之前的规划与决策、直至实际退出劳动力市场后需历经数年的调适才能完成的过程。退休机制的心理学研究主要探讨退休规划、退休决策以及退休转折与调适,以探索退休心理与行为的前因后果与退休过程的心理机制。发展心理学、工业与组织心理学、临床与咨询心理学、职业心理学等心理学相关子学科为退休心理机制的研究提供了独特的视角。随着社会、组织与文化情境的巨大变化,退休概念与过程正在发生快速的变化与转型,心理学视野的退休机制研究更有助于理解与把握退休不断变化着的本质特征。

The retirement is one of the major life course transitions in late adult life. Early studies largely viewed retirement phenomena as the result of economic or social dynamics. However, more and more research findings suggest that the physical and financial issues people face in retirement are directly linked to the psychological aspects of retirement. Thus, retirement as a research topic is becoming more prominent in the psychology literature. Retirement is a process that starts with planning and decision making some time before the actual withdrawal from the workforce and is not completed for years after the actual point of retirement,including retirement planning, retirement decision-making and retirement transition and adjustment. Psychologists directly study the behavioral and psychological antecedents and outcomes of retirement, as well as the psychological mechanisms that underlie the retirement process. Moreover, psychological research has approached the study of retirement in a range of ways, including life span developmental perspectives,industrial/organizational approaches, and clinical and counseling studies. As the social, organizational, and societal contexts in which retirement takes place change, the concept and the process of retirement are rapidly evolving. As a result, researchers who take a psychological perspective in studying retirement may be better able to capture the changing nature of retirement.