如何认识科学(十七)：科学与科学共同体--大卫·凯里对彼得·盖里森的访谈

How to Think about Science(ⅩⅦ) :Science and Scientific Community

彼得·盖里森用更为实用主义、更加多元的观点来界定科学。在他看来,科学中的每一亚文化群体都是独特的,拥有自己的工作方式、知识体系、证明形式;但这些亚文化群体也进行沟通,在他所称的"贸易区"内相互作用,在其中,解决分歧,协商出共同的术语。这是一种新科学形式的创新。科学是相互联系着的,但它的联系更像一个环形物而不是一个要么在底部要么在顶部有唯一起点的金字塔。科学既不是一个简单的统一体也不是一系列间歇性的利益,而是更为复杂和分层的事情,其中的物理学,是与哲学、工业、战争、技术和其他科学纠缠在一起的。科学中的客观性概念,有其变化、发展的历史,反映了不同时期科学家思考世界的方式。科学绝不是如此纯粹或如此均匀的一件事情,科学一直在持续地变化和改变形式。如果人们能够或被引导而认识这一现实,那么就可以减少他们对今天科学变化的焦虑。

Peter Galison defines science with more pragmatic and more diverse opinions. In his opinion,each of the subcultures is distinct,which possesses its own style of work,its own body of knowledge,and its own forms of evidence. These subcultures also communicate,and interact in what Galison calls ' trading zones'. In ' trading zones',differences are worked out and common terms are negotiated,which is a kind of innovation of science. Science is connected with each other more like a ring rather than a pyramid that has a unique starting point,either at the bottom or the top. Science is neither a simple unity nor a set of discontinuous interests,but something more complex and layered. Physics is entangled in not only philosophy,but also in industry,in war,in technology and in other kinds of science. The concept of objectivity in science has its history of change and development,which reflected scientists' ways of thinking about the world in different periods. Science never was quite so pure or quite so homogeneous. Because of this,science has been continually changed and reformed. If people can be brought to recognize this reality,it may make them less anxious about changes of the science at present.