阅读中的快速启动范式述评

Review of Fast Priming Paradigm in Reading

快速启动范式(Sereno&Rayner,1992)是一种基于呈现随眼动变化技术而设计的眼动范式,主要用于研究中央凹视野内字词识别的瞬时启动,通过精确控制启动条件和启动时窗,以考察词汇通达过程中词汇水平(如,词频、词长等)、亚词汇水平(如,语音、语义、字形等)信息的加工时序。本文从基本原理、设计基础、应用领域、注意事项等方面对快速启动范式进行了较为深入的解读和介绍,并结合已有的研究成果,指出了该范式在汉语阅读中的应用价值。

To investigate the time course of instant foveal priming during reading, Sereno and Rayner（1992） designed the fast priming paradigm. The present paper introduced the fast priming paradigm in terms of basic principles, design backgrounds, application fields and matters needing attention. Furthermore, the application prospects of the fast priming paradigm in Chinese reading were also discussed.As a kind of eye movement research paradigm, the fast priming paradigm is also based on eye-movement contingent display-changes technology. In this paradigm, a string of random letters initially occupies a specified target word location as a participant reads a sentence. When the reader’s eye crosses an invisible boundary located at the left boundary of the target area, the random-letter string is replaced by a prime word for a specified and brief duration. During the fixation on the target region, the prime word is replaced by the target word, which remains in place while the subject finishes reading the sentence.Thus the fixation time on the target word was considered as a function of the relation between the prime and target. The duration of the prime was varied to determine the optimal level of priming.Indeed, the fast-priming paradigm is similar in general to the masked priming paradigm（Forster ＆ Davis, 1984）. The major advantage of this paradigm is that it can be used to study word identification in the silent reading of text with minimal disruption of normal reading. A second advantage is that the fixation time obtained is appreciably shorter than manual or vocal latencies.By precisely manipulating the prime types and the prime durations, the fast priming paradigm can examine the time course of priming for lexical information（e.g., word frequency, word length） and sublexical information（e.g., phonological, semantic and orthographic codes） during word recognition. Thus, it provides a valuable new tool for verifying and improving related theories of lexical structure and lexical processing and a feasible new approach to investigate special research questions such as lexical ambiguity. However, it is necessary to identify the factors that constrain the presentation of fast priming. Firstly, the prime duration must be brief. Secondly, both the predictability of target words and the spillover effect should be controlled. Thirdly, the prime and the target words should be relatively short to minimize the number of multiple fixations on the target. Fourthly, as there are two changes of stimuli on the target word location, the refreshing rate of display screens must be high. Besides, the standards of data processing are also worthwhile to note. It has been more than 20 years since the fast priming paradigm was designed. The studies using this paradigm were limited, especially in Chinese reading, though the application prospect is really broad. For example, to extend the concept of sublexical information to Chinese, the roles of semantic radicals and phonetic radicals in recognizing the character can be examined. Besides, we can also investigate the distinction between onset and rime in Chinese syllables.In summary, a better understanding of the fast priming paradigm provides researchers with an effective approach and some new ideas for research questions.