老挝克木仂话四音格词的结构特征

Structural Features of Quadrisyllabic Elaborate Expressions in Lao's Khmu Lue

老挝克木仂话的四音格词分为AABB、ABAB、ABAC、ABCB、ABCC及ABCD六大类。研究发现,老挝克木仂话四音格词的音节排列顺序,有的类型遵从语音原则(如AABB、ABAB、ABAC类),有的则完全由语义、语法原则决定(如ABCC、ABCD类的部分例词)。语音结构特征主要有:(1)语音和谐手段很多,在第二、四音节上的语音和谐规律强于第一、三音节;(2)响度排列上表现为后响倾向,元音在音长上占位(前短后长、前单后双)的要求强于舌位的要求(前高后低);(3)声调在音节排序中的作用不明显。语法结构中,并列结构的词数量最多、分布最广。语义、语法对语音形式的选择有一定倾向性。另外,作为一种具有丰富前加音节的语言,老挝克木仂话中之所以仍有大量四音格词,一定程度上是因为声调给了前加音节一个完整的声调长度,使其在构词上与独立音节等同。

The quadric- syllabic elaborate expressions（ QEEs） in Lao＇s Khmu Lue fall into six types,i. e. ABAB, ABAC, ABCB, ABCC and ABCD. Research results suggest that the syllable arrangement varies. Some of them follow the phonetic principles,such as AABB,ABAB,and ABAC,while others totally follow the semantic or syntactic principles,such as ABCC and ABCD. The phonetic features may be summarized as follows： 1） there are various ways to achieve phonetic harmony which is more effective on the second and the fourth syllables than on the first and the third ones; 2） sonority arrangement tends to be right- headed, and the rule of vowel length surpasses the rule of mouth openness; and 3） syllable arrangement is irrespective of tones. In grammatical structure,coordination structure is the most widely accepted one. There is a tendency in semantic and syntactic selections of phonetic forms. In addition,in Lao＇s Khmu Lue,a language with abundant sesqui-syllables,there still exist numerous QEEs,for the tone allocates a full syllabic length to the pre-syllable,making it equivalent to an independent syllable in wordformation.