中国人性别观念的变迁趋势、来源和异质性——以“男主外,女主内”和“干得好不如嫁得好”两个指标为例

Trend, Source and Heterogeneity of the Change of Gender-Role Attitude in China: A Case Study of Two Indicators

文章使用2000年和2010年两期中国妇女社会地位调查数据,以"男主外,女主内"和"干得好不如嫁得好"两个指标为例研究了10年间中国人的性别观念的变化。研究发现,从这两个维度看,中国人的性别观念出现了明显的向传统回归的趋势。而且,如果将世代更替对性别平等的积极作用排除在外,实际上同一批中国人的性别观念在10年间的倒退要比表面上看来更加严重。传统性别观念的回潮并不是局限于某一群体的特殊现象,而是适用于所有人群的普遍现象。相比而言,年轻世代、女性、居住在农村以及教育程度较高的群体的性别观念向传统回归的速度较快;而年长世代、男性、居住在城市以及教育程度较低的群体向传统回归的速度较慢。结婚生育是导致年轻世代的性别观念快速转向传统的重要因素,但不是唯一因素。年轻人的性别观念向传统的快速回归非常值得我们重视。

Based on the two waves of Chinese Women＇s Social Status Survey in 2000 and in 2010, this paper explored the change of gender-role attitude fi＇om two indicators and found that the first decade of 21 st century witnessed a revival of traditional gender ideolo- gy. And if we took cohort replacement into account, the actual change in individual＇ s attitude towards traditional gender role was even underestimated. Furthermore, the revival of traditional gender ideology was a universal phenomenon regardless of people＇s gender, birth cohort, rural/urban residence, education, and occupation. However, the pace of change varied significantly among people with dif- ferent socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Specifically, young cohort, women, people who live in rural areas and have high education changed more rapidly than old cohort, men, people who live in urban areas and have low education. Transition to marriage and parenthood can partly explained why young cohort changed more quickly than old cohort, but cohort difference was still significant when marriage status and number of births were controlled. The rapid pace of young cohort turning to traditional gender ideology should be given more attention.