人民公社时期大田农作的女性化现象——基于对西部两个村落的研究

The Feminization of Farm Work during the People's Communes Period:Based on a Study of Two Villages in Western China

当下愈演愈烈的"农业女性化"趋势,实际上是人民公社体制下的一个历史遗产,并与那个时代的农作实践在很多方面一脉相承。文章主要依据对内蒙和陕西两个村落研究的第一手数据,旨在较系统地剖析农田劳作女性化的微观经历并探究其背后的主要影响因素。研究揭示,在人民公社时期,担任大小队干部、占据技术性岗位及从事社队企业等非农劳动的基本上是清一色的男性。从事大田作业的农村妇女人数及其所承担的劳动份额时常超过男性,因而成为一个不争的常态化事实。然而,妇女的农业贡献与其在社会政治领域的劣势形成了鲜明的反差。

The increasing feminization of farming nowadays is rooted in the past in many ways under the collective economy, and is possibly a historical heritage from the practice of People＇s Communes. Such roots have largely been overlooked by researchers. This pa- per aims to systematically explore the feminization of farm work and its underlying reasons at the micro level based primarily upon a study of two villages in Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi province. It suggests that it was men who mainly held the management, technical and other off-farm positions during the People＇s Communes period. In addition, male laborers were often sent out to work outside the villages temporarily, seasonally or permanently. The number of women who were involved in farming activities as well as the percent- age of farm work undertook by women often exceeded those of men＇s. In other words, the slogan of ＂Women Hold up Half the Sky＂ was not merely an official discourse or an ideology but a reality. Women＇s contributions to agricultural production contrasted sharply with their persistent disadvantages in social life and politics.