适时介入、市场重塑与协同创新——奥巴马政府的汽车产业政策分析

Timely Intervention,Market Reconstruction and Collaborative Innovation: An Analysis of Auto Industrial Policy of the Obama Administration

在2008—2009年的经济危机中,美国的汽车产业遭受了严重冲击,为此奥巴马政府出台了积极的汽车产业政策。通过从救助汽车企业和扶助汽车产业发展2个维度的考察发现,在救助濒临破产企业时,政府一度介入企业的管理决策。而在扶助汽车产业时,政府加大公共投资,形成投资驱动;研发政策带动科技创新,形成创新驱动;通过规则制定、消费引导和联邦政府采购等政策,形成了政策驱动。奥巴马政府的汽车产业政策跨越了倡议和引导,进入了政府协同汽车产业发展的阶段。基于上述分析,可进而研究奥巴马政府的汽车产业政策特征。研究表明:这一政策既具有往届政府产业政策的固有特征,如以问题为导向、市场化运作以及以法律为依据等。同时,也具有定位产业方向和更注重研发与创新等新特征。探讨奥巴马政府的汽车产业政策,可为中国目前的产业政策调整提供借鉴。

In the face of the 2008 - 2009 economic crisis, the Obama administration put forward unprecedented auto industrial policy in terms of policy scale and intensity. The Obama administration’s auto industrial policy can be examined in two aspects: first, to rescue the enterprise, and second, to support the industry. When the federal government rescues the auto enterprise which is on the brink of collapse, it involves in the management of the enterprise. When the federal government supports the auto industry, the government increases the investment, and this is the driving force of investment. Research and development policy promoted science and technology innovation, and this is the driving force of innovation. Besides above policies, various measures are adopted, such as industrial regulation, consumption guidance and federal government procurement, and these measures become the driving force of policy. The auto industrial policy of the federal government aimed at not only bailing out the auto industry, but also guiding and coordinating. On the basis of above analysis, the major characteristics of Obama Administration’s auto industrial policy can be investigated, it shares the same as that of normal American industrial policy, i. e. functional problem solving of industrial policy, market-based industrial policy, industrial policy within legal framework, and industrial policy focused on research and development. At the same time, it has its properties, such as accurate industrial identification, emphasis on research, development and innovation. The Obama administration’s industrial policy has important lessons for China’s industrial adjustment.