美国禁止规避技术措施例外制度的缘起、演进与启示

Origin, Evolution and Enlightenment of American Anti-circumvention of Technological Protection Measures Exemption System

为平衡版权人与公众间的利益,美国《数字千年版权法》率先将技术措施纳入保护范围,开创性地规定禁止规避技术措施的一般例外与临时例外。总则性的一般例外自始未变,临时例外则由美国国会图书馆每3年进行一次调整。临时例外经五次修改,整体上呈现出例外情形数量和类型递增、应用范围日广的演进态势。演进特点有二:临时例外的增删与新技术的应用如影相随;各方博弈焦点与国会图书馆意志共同左右其走向。我国宜结合因素主义与规则主义两种立法模式,在规定一般例外情形基础上,重点补充图书馆档案馆等合理使用类例外。

In order to balance the benefit between copyright owners and the general public, American Digital Millennium Copyright Act takes the lead in involving technical actions in the scope of protection, and regulates the general and temporary exemption innovatively. General exemption doesn＇t change, while temporary exemption is adjusted once three years by Library of Congress, United States. Temporary exemption presents an increase in number, types and applications. Temporary exemption＇s evolution is close to the development of new technology and affected by the focus of game of all parties and by the will of Library of Congress. It is suitable for China to improve fair use exemption for library, archives and the like, on the basis of general exemption regulation with legislative mode of factors and rules.