新邵湘语“得”的多功能性研究——兼与赣语“得”的比较

Polyfunctionality of [tε](得 )in Xinshao Xiang Dialect: A Comparison with[tε](得)in Gan Dialect

分析了新邵湘语中语素"得"的多种功能以及各功能之间的关系。认为该方言的多功能语素"得"除了做"得到、获得"义动词外,还有助动词、能性结构助词、情状结构助词、能性半自由动词、准完成体助词等用法。这些用法具有不同的语义特征及句法环境,其可能的语法化路径是:动词—助动词;动词—能性半自由动词—能性结构助词;动词—准完成体助词—情状结构助词。"得"的多功能性既与语言系统的历时演变有关,也是对共时状态下本方言能性范畴其他成员缺失的协调和补偿。赣语的"得"也有类似的多功能现象。

The different functions of the morpheme[tε](得)in Xinshao Xiang Dialect are analyzed and the relations between these functions are discussed.The main conclusion is that the morpheme[tε](得)in this dialect,besides the verbal usage which means getting or obtaining,can also be used as an auxiliary verb,a structural auxiliary word whose meaning contains modality of possibility,a state structural auxiliary word,a half-free verb whose meaning contains modality of possibility,and a quasi-perfect aspect auxiliary word etc.These usages have different semantic features and syntactic distributions.The polyfunctionality of[tε](得)is related to the diachronic change of language system and it is also the coordination of language system due to the absence of other members in the semantic category of modality of possibility in a synchronic state.The morpheme[tε](得)in Gan Dialect also exhibits the similar polyfunctionality.