非物质文化遗产视角下传统手工艺人的生存与发展——以白村端砚制作为例

Traditional Craftsman's Survival and Development from the Perspective of Intangible Cultural Heritage——A Case Study of Duan Inkstone Manufacture in Bai Village

随着机器大生产的发展,发端于农业社会的传统手工艺受到了巨大的冲击;由此,依靠制作手工艺品谋生的手工艺人的生存条件、社会环境也发生了变化。白村,一个既有农业传统又有手工业生产传统、现在又融入现代化商品生产的村落,村民以砚为田,端砚制作主要有砚厂和家庭作坊两种形式。在市场经济环境下,端砚艺人有了市场营销的观念,但也面临着机器生产和手工制作、作品与产品的矛盾。口传身授、家族传承、师徒传承仍是目前端砚制作技艺的传承方式,但也有一些变化。祭拜伍丁与社坛则反映了端砚艺人的精神世界。生存需求、市场力量、国家力量影响着端砚手工艺人的生存和发展。

With the development of machine production,traditional handcraft which origins from agricultural society receives a huge impact.Thus,the living conditions and social environment of traditional craftsmen have changed.Bai village,which has the tradition of agricultural and handcraft,meanwhile is getting fit in modem commercial society.There are two maim ways of Duan Inkstone manufacture：inkstone factory and family workshop.Under the conditions of market economy,although they have got business mind of marketing,Duan Inkstone craftsmen still face the contradictions of machine production or handcraft,art works or commercial productions.The heritage of manufacture skills is taught by precept and example,family heritage,master to their apprentice,and also has some modern changes.Their worshipping of Wu Ding represent their spiritual world,but survival,market forces and the government impact have influences on the living and development of Duan Inkstone craftsman.