马克思早期批判思路的形成路径——自由与平等、公平与正义:理念与现实的悖论

The Forming Path of Marx's Critic Thinking in His Early Time——Freedom and Equality,Fairness and Justice:the Paradox between Idea and Reality

在《1857—1858年经济学手稿》中,马克思对国民经济学家、蒲鲁东等关于自由与平等、公平与正义问题的观点进行了批判。马克思的批判思路形成于对资本主义经济关系从历史进程到现实程序所展开的分析,并且通过这些分析论证了资产阶级革命理念在现实的经济关系中走向了自身的反面。马克思这一分析思路的关键之处在于从历史进程上区分两种不同质的经济交换关系,即由简单商品交换到资本主义商品交换,前者是物与物的交换,后者则包含着劳动力的商品化过程。马克思的劳动价值理论是这一分析的基础理论,它揭示了劳动力价值(劳动报酬)与劳动创造价值之间的不等价交换关系。正是在这种经济交往关系中,原则上的自由与平等、公平与正义在合法的程序中走向了自身的反面,并且产生了社会分化。

In his text ＂1857/58 Okonomische Manuscripte＂, Marx criticized the viewpoints of Proudhon and other national economists on freedom and equality, fairness and justice. Marx＇s critic thinking was formed by analyzing capitalist economic relationship through its historical development and actual procession, by which he disclosed and proved these bourgeoisie revolution ideas turned to their opposite. The key of Marxist thinking lies in the distinguishing of two essentially different eco- nomic exchange relationships, that is, the simple commercial exchange developed into capitalist com- mercial exchange. The former is goods to goods, while the latter includes the commercializing of labor force. The theoretic basis is his theory of labor value, which disclosed the unequal exchange of the value of labor force （wage） with the value that laborer created. It is in this kind of economic exchange that the principle of freedom and equality, fairness and justice turned to their opposite and thus resul- ted in social division.