论犹太教的“罪”

On the “Sin” in Judaism

"罪"是犹太教的重要概念之一。犹太教中有多个表示罪的术语,其中主要的术语有3个;犹太教中的"罪"的内涵在不同时代有着不同的变化,但无论怎样变化,违背或漠视上帝的意志是犹太教中"罪"的永恒内涵。犹太教认为"罪"之所以发生,其根源在于不完美的人性。在犹太教中,"罪"具有普遍性、连带性、可控性等特征。犹太教的赎罪方式是多样的,在圣殿存在时期,以献祭为主;当圣殿不复存在之时,忏悔是赎罪的主要方式。基督教的"罪"在一定意义上继承了犹太教的"罪",但犹太教主流没有原罪说。

Sin is one of the important ideas of Judaism. There are quite a few terms which signify sin in Judaism, three of which are often used. The connotations of sin in Judaism have different changes in different time, however, no matter what changed, violating or disregarding the will of God is an eternal meaning of sin in Judaism. The leading cause of sin in Judaism lies in the imperfect of humanity; the characteristics of sin in Judaism are universal, conjoint, and controllable. Jewish ways of atonement are diverse: offering was a mainly way in Temple period, when the Temple disappeared, repentance is the main way of atonement.