交通行业高校学科专业布局分析与建议

Analysis of the Subject and Major Distribution Status in China's Transportation Universities and Colleges and Corresponding Suggestions

交通行业高校起初是为服务交通行业或交通建设而建立的单科性院校。随着改革形势变化,行业高校发展出现了分化和转型,很多原交通类专科性院校不断增设新学科、专业,并发展成多科性院校或综合性大学,其学科专业布局仍具有一定共性:交通行业高校在学科专业、院系结构方面与综合性大学相比规模或数量较小;专业类布局与交通行业紧密相关,设置了交通运输类、土木类、建筑类、机械类等相应的院系构架。部分交通行业高校设置了航空航天类学院,"水陆空"立体化交通是交通特色高校未来发展的方向。近年来,城市轨道交通的出现,由单科性院校发展为多科性大学,并形成以工为主,工、管、理、文等多学科协调发展的模式,呈现出多学科发展的趋势。但是,交通行业高校粗放型地发展与当前交通发展实际不相适应,学科专业布局不合理,培养的人才难以适应交通行业发展需求。其主要问题是:学科专业布局覆盖面过广,院系设置缺乏针对性,学科分割,交通类专业特色不断弱化;学科专业布局缺乏特色,盲目增设与交通行业联系不紧密的学科、院系,分散学校资源,原有的特色学科和新建学科都难以发展。因此,交通行业高校应以"质量提升"为主题,遵循教育发展规律,合理布局学科专业;突出交通行业特色,分层建设学科专业;注重内涵式发展,强化学科专业内涵建设;结合交通行业发展实际,适时增减学科专业。

In the very beginning,transportation universities and colleges were single-subject universities and colleges serving the transportation industry or the transportation construction.In the new period,these universities and colleges have undergone dramatic transformation.With continuous acquisition of new subjects and majors,these vocational transportation universities and colleges have been developed into multi-subject or comprehensive universities and colleges.A survey of 11 representative transportation universities and colleges in China shows that their subject and major distribution shares something in common.First,industrial development is the basis for generation,survival and development of industry-related universities and colleges.Compared with comprehensive universities and colleges,transportation universities and colleges are smaller both in scale and quantity in terms of subjects,majors and department structure.Affected by the former Soviet Union model,industry-related universities and colleges still maintain their industrial traces.In contrast with the comprehensiveness of comprehensive universities,industry-related universities and colleges emphasize industrial characteristics.Second,development of industry-related universities and colleges relies on industrial development and development of core subjects and majors.Coresubjects and majors are the foundation for unique development of industry-related universities and colleges.The subject and major distribution of transportation universities and colleges has a close bearing on the transportation industry.The traffic department,civil engineering department,building department,mechanical department and other relevant departments are set up in transportation universities and colleges.Besides,some of them even set up the aerospace college.Nowadays,the 'sea,road and air' three-dimensional transportation is the future development trend for transportation universities and colleges.In recent years,the urban rail transit is one of new transportation development trends,which has gained wide attention from transportation universities and colleges.Some of them have even set up relevant emerging majors or corresponding departments.Third,industry-related universities and colleges have entered an important period of transformation according to their own property and development situations.A large number of them have transformed from single-subject universities and colleges into multi-subject ones,and formed a multi-subject coordinated development model featuring the integration of engineering,management,science and liberal arts with engineering at the core.The multi-subject development trend is taking shape.With the rapid development of transportation techniques,such as high-speed rail techniques,urban rail transit and intelligent transportation based on the big data,the original pattern of the transportation industry has been greatly changed.The extensive development of transportation universities and colleges are not in line with the current transportation situations.Due to unreasonable subject and major distribution,talents brought up can hardly meet development demands of the transportation industry.First,too extensive subject and major distribution results in lack of highlights of department setting,inconsistence with the local social and economic development,weakening the capability to serve the transportation industry and similarity to talent cultivation of other regular universities and colleges.Second,a huge number of subjects and majors have not only brought management problems,but,more importantly,resulted in subject segmentation,growing number of subjects and weakening characteristics of transportation majors.Third,the subject and major distribution lacks characteristics.A series of majors,subjects and departments not so closely related to the transportation industry are blindly set up,thus greatly scattering their resources and impeding sound development of transportation subjects and majors.Without the support of basic subjects,emerging subjects can hardly move on.Consequently,the development mode in transportation universities and colleges is similar to that of regular ones.Moreover,the talents brought up by the development mode lack professionalism.Status analysis of the subject and major distribution of China's transportation universities and colleges shows that most transportation universities and colleges can divide departments and set up majors according to transportation industrial characteristics.The positioning of the subject distribution is based on practical situations and development of transportation universities and colleges.The subject and major distribution features engineering at its core.With the advent of the 21 st century,the quality of higher education is improving.Transportation universities and colleges should adhere to quality improvement and subject and major development rules to rationalize its subject and major distribution,highlight their transportation industrial characteristics and build different layers of subjects and majors,focus on connotative development and intensify connotation construction within subjects and majors,and properly eliminate and increase certain subject and major according to practical development situations of the transportation industry.