中国“叙事”生成的话语分析

Utterance Analysis of the Formation of Chinese “Narration”

东汉以前,叙事多作为思维及行为而存现。叙事观念,在构词方面包含事叙及叙事之一体两面,其意蕴涵盖宇宙秩序、行为秩序及言说秩序三个层面。叙事一词最早尚无"叙述故事"的含义,但经过(1)叙事之叙向"叙说"演化,(2)"事序"向"事义"转化并与事实沟通为一,至司马迁、扬雄时期便在"叙述事件"的意义上使用叙事用语,催生叙事术语的形成。这个术语的形成,包含事与义、事与理之间的角力,而义理要接受事实的检验,与事实一致,在司马迁那里,事件的"始终之序"融入事义之内,事实与事义的结合已成为显题。若无"事义"的凸显,就只能停留在"记事"的观念上,"叙事"观念就无从发生。这种形成时期的因缘,也促使中国叙事传统具有事理融合的特点。

Before the Eastern Han Dynasty,narration appeared as thinking or behavior in most cases.Narration concept,in terms of word-formation,included the fact narration and narrating,two aspects of one subject,the connotation of which includes such three levels as universe order,behavior order and expression order.The word of＂narration＂previously didn＇t have the meaning of＂fact narrating＂,but through the following transformations from ＂narration＂to‘telling＂,from ＂fact order＂to＂fact relation＂and through the integration with fact as a whole,during the period of Sima Qian and YANG Xiong,people began to use narration expression on the basis of＂fact narrating＂,which caused the formation of the narration term.The formation of this term included the struggles between fact and relation,between fact and reason,in which relation and reason would be tested by fact and in consistent with fact.And according to Sima Qian,the fact order was integrated with the relation,and the integration of fact and relation was clear.Without the standing out of＂fact relation＂,there would only be the concept of fact recording instead of the narration concept.All the factors in the period of formation did endow the Chinese narrating traditions with the characteristics of the integration of fact and reason.