东亚、东南亚国家养老金体系的比较研究

Comparative Study of National Pension System Reforms in Eastern and Southeastern Asian Countries

从不同层面使用"政策""支柱""体制/组织方法""系统/制度"等框架研究老龄化趋势下的东亚、东南亚典型国家和地区养老金体系的发展情况,发现东亚、东南亚典型国家和地区养老金体系具有社会保险类型、公积金类型、混合拼盘型三种类型,养老金体系的重要组成部分及其各自功能的耦合具有相似性,养老金系统的主要缺陷普遍为覆盖率低、收益不足,而且东亚、东南亚国家养老金制度改革面临着老龄化趋势、全球化竞争加剧和劳动力市场变迁、城镇化加速、宏观经济形势及资本市场的波动性影响等外部挑战,因此只有维护财务稳定、促进经济竞争、实现社会公平、提高运行效率,才能实现人民负担得起、充足和可持续的养老金计划。

This essay discusses the development of pension system in eastern and southwesten Asian countries on different layers and under the framework of ＂policy＂,＂pillar＂,＂regime＂,and ＂system＂.The authors find out that there are three types of pension systems in eastern and southwester Asian countries,i. e., social security, accumulation fund and mixed assorted type. Based on historical institutionalism analysis paradigm,the authors present the important components of pension systems and their combinations and reveal crucial disadvantages inside pension systems such as low coverage and insufficient profits along with the mutual external challenges： aging,accelerating global competition,labor migration,growing urbanization and the effect of capital market volatility. In conclusion,the pension systems in eastern and southeastern Asian countries still demand a long term development to makethem sustainable,sufficient and beneficial to citizens. Policy suggestions were also proposed for the reform of pension systems.