诗歌语言名转动现象考察

On the Noun-to-Verb conversion in Chinese Poetic Language

"转类"是语法学和修辞学长期以来共同关注的议题,文章系统考察了诗歌语言中的名转动现象及其与语法之间的互动关系。研究表明,诗歌语言中存在大量名转动用法,涵盖了结果转指动作、对象转指动作、施事转指动作等八种基本类型。其中以双音节名词最多,单音节次之,三音节与四音节名词最少,大体上遵循"词形越长,被转化的难度越大"这一基本规律。诗歌中的名转动属于一种逻辑转喻,可用生成词库理论中的事件强迫来解释。造成这种用法高频出现的因素主要有两个:其一,追求诗歌作品陌生化的美学效果;其二,顺应诗歌语言简约化的语体特征。本研究充分证明,诗歌这一"语言特区"可以给诗人提供一个不必拘泥于一般语言规则的语言运用平台,产生大量的创新用法。此类用法可增添语言在词汇和语法层面的构建功能,扩大句式修辞的使用空间。

Conversion is the topic which is a common concern in the fields of grammar and rhetoric. The investigation in this article focuses on the Noun-to-Verb conversion in Chinese poetic language as well as its interaction with grammar systematically, hence more motivation will be provided for recognizing the rhetoric of grammatical structures. The research points out that various methods of noun-to-verb conversion occur in poetic language, including 8 basic types, such as converting from a result to an action, an object to an action or an agent to an action.Disyllabic nouns occupy the largest proportion of all types, which are ahead of single-syllable nouns, while threesyllable and four-syllable ones account for the least two parts. It generally follows the basic principle that regard to a word, the longer it is, the more difficult it will be when being converted（Bauer 2001）. Noun-to-Verb conversion in poetic language is a kind of logical metonymy, by which it could be explained with event coercion in Generative Lexicon Theory. What cause the noun-to-verb conversion to appear in a higher frequency are two factors： one is the pursuit of aesthetic defamiliarization in poetic opuses and the other is the conformance of simplified stylistic features in poetic language. Our study has proved adequately that Special Linguistic Zone in poetry could offer a platform for linguistic performance without being constrained by some common language guidelines, hence a variety of innovative usages in language could be composed and created. Those new usages will increase constructing functions of language in lexical deviation and grammatical deviation, thus the using space will be expanded for syntactical rhetoric.