体质测评中仰卧起坐测试规格的国际比较

International Comparison of Sit-ups Test in Health-Related Physical Fitness Tests

目的：探索相对科学合理的仰卧起坐测试方法,为优化我国学生体质测评中仰卧起坐测试方法提供科学依据,也为完善我国学生体质测评标准提供参考。方法：采用文献资料法对世界上7个国家和地区健康体质测评中的仰卧起坐测试从动作形式、受试对象和计量方法 3方面进行研究。结果：7个体质测评体系中仰卧起坐动作开始与结束状态相对统一于仰卧;存在5种上肢摆放位置;膝关节均要求弯曲;双脚存在固定与非固定2种要求;躯干最大运动幅度分2种,即30°〈角度〈90°和角度≥90°;受试年龄、性别要求不一;计量方式分时间-个数与节奏-个数2种。结论：各国健康体质测评体系中仰卧起坐动作形式的5种上肢摆放位置带来不同的动作完成难度;双手手指交叉抱头的上肢动作易引起颈部损伤,其他动作无不利影响;下肢采用膝关节弯曲且双脚不固定的动作,对促进腹部肌群发力和限制股直肌发力较为有利;30°~45°的躯干运动幅度对评价腰腹力量素质相对有利;仰卧起坐受试在6~70岁范围中,无性别限制;以节奏-个数作为计量方法相对优越。

Objectives： The purse of this study was to search for relative scientific and reasonable test methods of sit-ups,providing scientific evidences for optimizing sit-ups test methods of students＇ physical fitness test and providing the reference for perfecting the students＇ physical fitness test standard of China. Methods： This paper analyzed the movement,test subjects and metering methods of sit-ups in seven standards of national or regional health-related physical fitness tests by literature review. Results： The start and end postures of sit-ups are relatively unified,they are lying on the back; there are five kinds of posture in the upper limb; the knees are required to bend; feet are required to fix or not; the range of trunk movement is 30° 〈θ 〈90° or θ≥90°; the requirements of age and gender of subjects are not the same; metering methods are time-number metering or rhythm-number metering. Conclusions： There are five upper extremity postures which lead to different difficulty of sit-ups; all the movement is without adverse effect except that the posture with finger crossing behind head may cause neck injury easily; the posture with bent knees and unfixed feet can promote abdominal muscle force but restrict rectus femoris force; the 30°-45° torso maximum movement range is benefit to abdominal muscle＇s strength assessment; sit-ups can effectively evaluate abdominal muscle strength and endurance within 6- 70 years old people without gender restriction; the method of rhythm-number metering is relatively superior.