朱子学公私观的一种政治史考察——以“霅川事变”为线索

The Political History Study of “Public-private”——Taking “Shachuan Incident” in the Southern Song Dynasty as Clue

公私观是近年来儒学研究领域的焦点之一,但目前为止的先行研究大多偏向于观念史的梳理与考察,缺乏具体的历史感。本文以南宋理宗朝发生的"霅川事变"为线索,探讨在朱子学公私观出现之后,两种公私观(传统公私观与朱子学公私观)在政治史中所呈现的不同面貌,以及不同的政治集团是如何运用儒学的观念来达成各自之目的的动态过程。此事件本身并不复杂。济王在胁迫之下发动兵变,但很快平息,权相史弥远借此机会逼死济王,理学家集团对此大为不满。史弥远为首的官僚集团以传统公私论为依据,要求理宗追夺济王之王爵,而朱子学者真德秀则以朱子学的"天理之公、人欲之私"的公私观为基准予以反驳。在传统公私观框架下,君主是"公家=天下"之家主,就必须尽可能抑制对于"私家=内"的关注,而始终以"公=天下"为优先考虑事项。"公之领域的优先性"在此作为客观之原则,能够(在很大程度上)限制君主主观意志的不确定性。而真德秀继承了朱熹的公私观,认为君主之"爱亲敬长"之私德能通过"身→家→国→天下"之同心圆的无限扩大直接影响到"天下"。在此,传统公私观的"内"与"外"的分界线完全崩溃,"内"与"外"的原则上的区分("私恩"对"公义")也完全退居次位。由于父子之血缘关系和君臣之政治关系同时都属于"天理之公",那么就无法从原则上确定以何者为优先,而都必须由君主的当下之道德判断("权")来决定,这也正是朱子学为何要反复强调君主必须是圣人的原因所在。

The antitheses concept of public（ gong）-private（ si） have been one of the focuses in recent Confucian researches,while most of them are concentrated in the studies of history of ideas,which remains abstract,lacking some historic sense. This paper takes the event of ＂Shachuan Incident＂occurred in the Southern Song Dynasty for instance,explores when Zhu Xi＇s new public-private thoughts occurred,how the two public-private thoughts presented in different ways in the political history,and the dynamic process of how different political groups applied Confucian ideas to achieve their own purpose. It is noted that after the death of Zhao Hong（ Lord Ji）,chancellor Shi Miyuan incited traditional public-private thoughts to persuade Emperor Lizong to deprive the peerage of Zhao Hong,while Zhen Dexiu,who was an active bureaucrat of Zhuzi School,based on Zhu Xi＇s new public-private thoughts,pleaded the innocence of Zhao Hong and lenient treatment. In Zhu Xi and his follower Zhen Dexiu＇s ideas,kinship and the relationship of monarch and ministers are both attributed to ＂public ＂,and if controversial between two of which occurs,there can be no absolute objective rules for judgment,comparing with the public-orientation in traditional public-private thoughts,thus requiring monarch＇s present judgment to make the final decision,which is also the reason that Zhuzi School＇s scholars always emphasized the importance of monarch＇s moral training.