莱布尼茨关于自然机器的有机哲学

Leibniz's Philosophy of Organism with the Natural Machine at the Core

17世纪末,莱布尼茨开始研究生物机体的结构,在医学、生物学等自然科学的实验研究基础上,结合其哲学思考,揭示了自然机器无限性、层级性的内嵌式结构特点,指出自然机器作为神造机器,与人造机器存在根本差别。在自然机器与单子哲学的基础上,综合其晚期的哲学研究可以看出,莱布尼茨从以往的自然有机论进入到机体或者机器有机论,将有机生命体纳入哲学思考范畴。其有机哲学并非与笛卡尔的机械哲学完全对立,而是对机械哲学的补充或修正,因而可以将莱布尼茨的哲学观称为有机的机械主义。

By the end of the 17 th century,Leibniz started to do research on the structure of living bodies. Based on the experimental studies of the natural sciences,such as medical and biological sciences,Leibniz revealed,from the perspective of philosophy,that the character of natural machines was the nested structure with infinity and hierarchy. He also pointed out that natural machines,as divine machine,were quite different from artificial machines.Leibniz＇s philosophy of organism is based on the combination of natural machines with monadology. Unlike the previous natural organism,he brought organic bodies into his philosophy,which is not absolutely opposite to Descartes＇ mechanism. Leibniz＇s philosophy of organism is the supplement or amendment to mechanism,therefore,it can be named as organic mechanism.