永昆曲牌与明清曲谱——以《琵琶记·吃糠》为例

The Qupai of Yongkun Area and the Music Scores in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties

据文献记载,温州在明代就已经与昆山曲家有过联系,至少在清代已有昆腔戏班演出。虽然,永昆有史以来无任何曲谱流传,但不能否认永昆与明清昆腔之间的渊源。永昆在声腔方面,因受地方文化生态的影响,有其自身的地方特色,但始终不能割舍与曲牌体戏曲的历史传统。昆腔系统的剧种都有其"母核"般的同一性,有深厚的历史积淀。永昆作为中国昆腔的一个分支剧种,与其他昆剧同属南曲系统,其间有太多的亲缘关系。明清是昆腔发展的重要时期,永昆所用剧目、曲牌与宫调与明清曲谱一脉相传,这种同一性将是永昆曲牌考源的重要依据。

According to historical records, Wenzhou area was related to the Kunshan composers during the Ming Dynasty and with the kun troupes on stage in Wenzhou during the Qing Dynasty. Though yongkun （kunqu in Wenzhou） has left no music scores, the relation between yongkun and the kun operas in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties is undeniable, q^he operas of yongkun were influenced by the local culture and flavored with the local characteristics. However, yongkun has always been linked to the tradition of the qupai （tune） system of Chinese opera. All branches of kun operas share similarities like ＂parent nucleus＂ and have a long tradition behind them. As a branch of Chinese kun opera, yongkun, as other kun branches, belongs to the southern qu system, within which there are complicated ＂genetic＂ relations. The Ming and the Qing Dynasties were important periods for the development of the kun opera, proved by Yongkun sharing the repertoire, qupai and gongdiao （musical modes） of music scores of the time. This similarity is a foundation for the study of the origin of the qupai of yongkun.