不良生活习惯改变过程中时间观念和意志努力的关系

The relationship between time perspective and mental effort during the process of the change of bad habits

目的 了解个体在改变不良行为习惯的过程中时间观念和意志努力的关系.方法 采用经验取样法,通过对某高校230名在读研究生历时21 d的追踪调查,获取被试每日在改变不良行为习惯过程中付出意志努力及完成情况的数据,并事先采用津巴多时间观念量表测量被试的时间观念.通过多层线性模型（HLM）的分析方法处理数据.结果 在连续21 d时间内,被试的意志努力呈下降趋势,该变化趋势具有统计学意义[总分为（5.63±2.62）分,t=-5.590,P＜0.01].意志努力和5种行为目标（早睡早起、坚持运动、控制饮食、保持阅读、控制上网）均差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;性别方面来看,男性在改变行为习惯的过程中付出的意志努力明显大于女性（t=2.743,P＜0.01）.在时间观念上,享乐主义时间观和未来时间观均与意志努力存在负相关,并且差异具有统计学意义（t=-2.504,P＜0.05;t=-2.393,P＜0.05）.宿命主义现在时间观与未来时间观对意志努力的变化趋势有调节作用,且差异具有统计学意义（t=-3.099,P＜0.01;t=-2.400,P＜0.05）.结论 在习惯建立的过程中,被试为行为改变付出的意志努力会逐渐下降.宿命主义现在时间观和未来时间观的被试意志努力呈现更快的下降.

Objective To study the relationship between mental effort and personal time perspective during the process of individual changing bad habits.Methods 230 graduate students were collected to attend this longitudinal study of 21 days by experience sampling method.The data on mental effort and performance were obtained from the process of daily change of the bad behavior.Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory （ZTPI） was applied to graduate students.The survey results were analyzed by hierarchical linear modeling （HLM）.Results In 21 days,the mental effort of subjects showed very clear downward trend,the trend of the change was statistical significant （total score（5.63±2.62）,t=-5.590,P〈0.01）.Mental effort didn＇t have significant difference in five kinds of behavioral objectives （keeping early hours,exercising daily,dieting,reading daily,limiting screen time） （P〉0.05）.The male obviously put more effort than the female during the study（t=2.743,P〈0.01）.Both Present Hedonism and Futurism were inversely related to mental effort,which was statistical significant （t=-2.504,P〈0.05;t=2.39,P〈0.05）.Both Present Fatalism and Futurism had the effects on the changing trend of the mental effort regulatory,which was statistical significant （t=-3.099,P〈0.01;t=-2.400,P〈0.05）.Conclusion The mental effort of changing the behavior will gradually decline during the process of habit establishment.The mental effort of subjects who had present fatalism or futurism show a faster decline.