大理国科举名目考

On the Subjects of Imperial Examination System in Dali Kingdom

大理国科举及第者的称号,多见于石刻文献中。通过分析,大体可以判定大理国的科举制度多仿照唐朝和宋朝,有常科和制科。常科又有文学词赋、道举、佛举等名目,其中佛举为大理国特色科目;但其科目名称与唐宋多不相同,有常科试郎、儒士、逸士、释儒等。制科有洞明儒释、衡鉴君国等。即使是道举和佛举,考试内容也以儒学为主,道教和佛教经典为辅。

The titles of scholars in imperial examination in Dali Kingdom are mostly found in stone inscriptions. It can be roughly determined after analysis that the imperial examination system in Dali Kingdom was mainly modeled on Tang and Song, consisting of the regular subjects and irregular examination hosted by emperor. The regular subjects can be divided into examination of literature, Taoist and Buddhist classics. Among them, examination of Buddhist classics is a characteristic subject of Dali Kingdom. However, most subject names were not the same as the Tang and Song. For example, Shilang （Test-taker）, Rushi （Confucian Scholar）, Yishi （Taoism Scholar）, Shiru （Buddhist and Confucian Scholar） were titles of the regular subjects, while＂Proficient in the Confucian and Buddhist Classics＂, ＂Remonstrating with Monarch＂ were titles of irregular examination hosted by emperor. Even if it was an examination of Taoist or Buddhist classics, its exam content mainly focused on Confucianism while Taoist and Buddhist classics was complementary only.