北京城市绿地冬季鸟类群落特征

Characteristics of Bird Community in Beijing Urban Greenland in Winter

【目的】探讨北京城市绿地冬季鸟类群落特征,为北京市未来绿化隔离带建设及冬季城市鸟类保护提供依据。【方法】于2013年11月—2014年1月采用样线调查法对北京市六环内的城市绿地鸟类群落进行系统调查,并对鸟类群落的多样性指数、均匀度指数、相似度指数等特征参数进行分析,使用SPSS 22.0中的单因素方差分析比较不同类型绿地间群落特征的差异。研究涉及绿地共40处,根据绿地地理位置、功能结构等特征,分为郊野公园(n=18)、城区公园(n=7)、带状绿地(n=10)和校园绿地(n=5)4种类型。【结果】共记录到12目30科57种鸟,共8 853只,其中雀形目鸟类最多,共35种(61.40%),雁形目鸟类次之,9种(15.79%);按照居留型分类,留鸟36种(63.16%)、旅鸟19种(33.33%)、夏候鸟8种(14.04%)、冬候鸟13种(22.81%),留鸟是北京城市绿地冬季鸟类群落的主要组成部分;从食性分析,食虫鸟类种类最多(28种,占总数63.64%),但总数较少(1 626只,27.54%),而杂食性鸟类虽然种类较少(8种,占总数18.18%),但数量占据优势(3 923只,占总数66%),是北京城市绿地冬季鸟类群落中的优势集团;麻雀(遇见率为56.14只·h^(-1))、灰喜鹊(31.39只·h^(-1))、绿头鸭(23.76只·h^(-1))、喜鹊(20.69只·h^(-1))为冬季鸟类群落优势种;有9种鸟在4种类型城市绿地中均有记录,分布最广的是喜鹊(40处)、麻雀(36处)和灰喜鹊(35处);4种绿地类型中,郊野公园鸟类丰富度(9.72±1.81)最高,但与其他类型绿地相比没有显著差异,带状绿地的多样性指数(0.87±0.16)最低,显著低于城区公园(1.48±0.16,P<0.05)和郊野公园(1.29±0.49,P<0.05);郊野公园组间鸟类群落相似度(0.45±0.01)显著低于校园绿地(0.60±0.06,P<0.01)、城区公园(0.56±0.03,P<0.05)、带状绿地(0.54±0.18,P<0.01);郊野公园与城区公园间相似度指数最高(0.67),而与校园绿地间相似度指数最低(0.37)。【结论】位于城市边缘且面积较大的郊野公园的冬季鸟类群落丰富度、多样性高,为北京冬季鸟类提供了生存场所;杂食性鸟类数量大,分布广,更能适应城市环境;在未来的城市绿地规划中,应增加能为鸟类提供食物的植被,并增大绿地面积。

【Objective】The characteristics of bird communities in Beijing urban green areas in winter were investigated in order to provide basis for the conservation of urban birds.【Method】Forty urban greenlands were classified into rural park,urban park,linear greenland and campus greenland. They were surveyed systematically with transect method during the period between Nov. 2013 and Jan. 2014.【Result】A total of 8 853 birds representing 57 species in 30 families and 12 orders were recorded. Among them,35 species of passerine birds were observed（ 61. 40% of total）,followed by anatidae birds（ 9 species,15. 79%）. It was found through analysis by residential types that there were 36 species of resident birds（ 63. 16%）,19 species of passing birds（ 33. 33%）,8 species of summer birds（ 14. 04%） and 13 species of winter birds（ 22. 81%）. The resident birds were the major components of the winter bird community. Analysis by feeding guild showed that the insectivorous birds contained the most species（ 28 species,63. 64%）,and there were only8 species of omnivorous birds,but 3 923 omnivorous individuals were recorded（ 63. 64% of total individuals）,and omnivorous species were the dominant group in the community. According to the encounter rates of birds,tree sparrow（ Passer montanus,56. 14 individual·h^-1）,azure-winged magpie（ Cyanopica cyana,31. 39 individual·h^-1）,mallard（ Anas platyrhynchos,23. 76 individual·h^-1） and magpie（ Pica pica,20. 69 individual·h^-1） were the dominant species in the bird communities in winter. Nine species were observed in all of the four greenland types,among which magpie（ observed in all the 40 greenlands）,tree sparrow（ observed in 36 greenlands） and azure-winged magpie（ observed in 35greenlands） were the most widely distributed species. In the four types of greenlands,rural park held the highest richness（ 9. 72 ± 1. 81,mean ± SE）,but the difference were not statistically significant. Diversity in the liner greenland（ 0. 87 ±0. 16） was significantly lower than that in rural park（ 1. 29 ± 0. 49,P〈0. 05） and urban park（ 1. 48 ± 0. 16,P〈0. 05）. Intra-similarities of the bird communities in rural parks were significantly lower than those in campus greenlands（ 0. 60 ± 0. 06,P〈0. 01）,urban parks（ 0. 56 ± 0. 03,P〈0. 05） and linear greenland（ 0. 54 ± 0. 18,P〈0. 01）. Intersimilarity between rural park and urban park was highest, but lowest between rural park and campus greenland.【Conclusion】The rural parks located at the edge of the city with a larger green area had higher bird species richness and diversity,and provided the birds with a shelter in winter. Omnivorous birds adapted to the urban environment better,with a wide distribution and a high density. In the future,vegetation that can provide bird with food in winter should be contained in the urban greenland planning and larger greenlands should be constructed.