摘要
民族主义有三个要点 :一是民族的意识感情 ,二是由这种意识感情生发、升华而来的思想观念和理论体系 ,三是在上述两点激励、推动下进行的政治、文化和社会运动。更简明地说 ,民族主义就是民族自我意识的现实表现。而民族自我意识 ,就是一个民族对自己的感情和看法。民族自我意识的发生要以他者的出现为前提 ,没有甲民族 ,就没有乙民族 ,反之亦然。民族间主观性很强的区别和差异意识 ,形成了民族自我意识的两种基本形态 :民族优越感和民族自卑感。 1 9世纪中叶 ,中国人开始逐渐产生真正现代意义上的民族自我意识。民族自我意识既然是意识 ,那么它就是存在于民族成员的思维中的东西 ,而这种自我意识一定要有具体的表现形式 ,才能为人所感知并发生社会作用 ,才能成为现实的民族主义。民族自我意识的现实表现大致有以下几种 :民族自我意识诉诸于文学艺术方式 ,就造成文学艺术作品 ;民族自我意识诉诸理性表达 ,就成为民族主义的意识形态 ;民族自我意识的行为化表达 ,就是民族主义政治、社会运动以及军事斗争。
Nationalism has three key elements: national consciousness and emotion; ideological and theoretic systems arising from this consciousness and emotion; and political, cultural and social campaigns prompted by the first two factors. Put simply, nationalism is the true embodiment of national self_awareness--a nation's emotions and opinions about itself. The advent of national self_awareness presupposes the emergence of other nations, for one nation can not exist without the existence of another one. The subjective disparity and different awareness between nations constitute two fundamental nodes of national self_awareness: sense of national superiority and national inferiority. It was in the mid_19th century that Chinese people began to possess the genuine modern national self_awareness. As a kind of consciousness, national self_awareness exists in the mind of members of the national community, thus it should be expressed in some ways to be understood and converted into real nationalism. There are several manners to reveal national self_awareness as follows: in literature and art in the form of literary and artistic works; in rational aspects as national ideology; and in concrete conduct represented as political, social movements and military operations.
