论北魏的别将

Bie Jiang( 别将) in Northern Wei Dynasty

孝文帝官制改革后,北魏开始设置别将。别将可以担任负责征讨和镇戍地方的军队统帅,也可以是隶属于统帅的将领。别将的设置,是对当时北魏军事征讨和镇戍制度的完善。被选任的别将主要是现任职官,可以是中央官、地方官,也可以是僚佐官,其品级最低为六品,最终任命权掌握在皇帝手中。至北魏末年,别将选任条件的限定被打破,别将的任命权逐渐转移到地方军事势力手中。北魏的别将可以领有将军号,也可以不领将军号。由于北魏将别将领有的将军号的品级规定为从五品以上,这就为他们开府置佐提供了条件,其社会地位和征战的积极性因而得到提高。

With Emperor Xiaowen＇s bureaucracy reformation in the Northern Wei Dynasty,the title Bie Jiang（ 别将）came into being. Bie Jiang could be either the commanders of military forces in military conquests and garrisons,or the senior military officers subordinate to commanders. The establishment of the Bie Jiang title served as an improvement on the system of military campaigns and garrisons in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Those elected were mostly incumbents,namely,officials of central and local governments,or assistants in government offices. All were finally nominated by the emperor himself,and their minimum official rank was the sixth. In the last years of the Northern Wei,the selection of Bie Jiang lost former restrictions and their appointment gradually transferred to local military power. Bie Jiang might or might not receive the military rank of general,and those with the general rank in the Northern Wei Dynasty were entitled to an official rank above the fifth.Thus,they were able to appoint junior officials,and both their social status and enthusiasm for military expeditions were enhanced.