哈萨克斯坦民族共同体的建构与重构

Between Ethnic Nationalism and Civic Nationalism:The Nationhood-Building and Rebuilding in Kazakhstan

对于任何一个现代民族国家,民族共同体危机都是最严重的危机。民族共同体建设无论是从原生论的族群民族主义建构国家,还是从建构论的公民民族主义国家建构民族,抑或兼而有之,既是一个复杂的理论问题,也是一个复杂的政治实践问题。哈萨克斯坦独立后,其民族共同体建设是在苏联对哈萨克族的'民族'建构基础上的再建构:一方面从原生论族群民族主义出发,通过'哈萨克化'建构哈萨克族的哈萨克斯坦共和国,另一方面从建构论公民民族主义出发,通过'哈萨克斯坦化'建构新的包含所有哈萨克斯坦公民的'哈萨克斯坦人'。但是,哈萨克斯坦民族共同体建设还面临理论困境、实践挑战及对苏联的路径依赖三大未解难题,未来能否最终走出这些困境,将有赖于其政治家的政治实践艺术。

National community crisis is most serious for any national state. Constructing the state from the primordial ethnic nationalism or building the nation from the constructive civic nationalism state or both is not only a complex theoretical but also a complicated political practice issue for any nation-building. After the independence of Kazakhstan,its nation-building is a reconstructing process based on the 'nation' construction and deconstruction for Kazakhs by the Pre-soviet, which including constructing the Republic of Kazakhstan from primordial ethnic nationalism by Kazakhization on the one hand and constructing a civic Kazakhstani nation by Kazakhstanization on the otherhand. However,there are so many theoretical dilemmas, practical challenges and path-dependence from the Pre-soviet. So it is still very uncertain whether the Kazakhstan can make success in the future.